Adobe
Photoshop
the basics
Adobe Photoshop is the most widely used
raster based software package for image manipulation of photographic
images. It allows digital pictures to be opened, imported or exported
in eighteen different formats, though TIF, JPG and GIF are the three
most commonly used. Photoshop allows complete plates for publication
to be built out of numbers of individual figures and it makes adding
other elements including scale bars, lettering and figure numbers simple.
Figures for publication are usually saved in the Tagged
Information File Format (TIFF or .TIF). While being edited and altered
they should be kept in the native Photoshop format (.PSD) since
this is the only format that fully supports and saves layers and some
other Photoshop functions. As well, figures load and save faster if
saved as PSD files, since Photoshop has to convert on the fly to or
from the other formats. Full colour or grey scale photographs intended
for the web will eventually be saved as Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG or .JPG) files and line drawings in colour or black
and white will become Graphic Interchange Format (.GIF) files.
Images may be made by digital equipment such as the
laser scanning confocal microscope the SPOT cameras or the Nikon 990 and D200 cameras. They may
be derived from artwork scanned in the flatbed scanner or may be from
film scanned in one of our film scanners.
From the beginning, files should be saved at the lowest resolution that
is sufficient for the final purpose. Since file size increases as the
square of the resolution files grow with alarming speed when resolution
is increased (for more information see digital
images). JPG and GIF files for the web are usually saved at 72 dpi
since that is standard screen resolution. Files that are going to be
printed should usually be saved somewhere between 300 and 450 dpi. When
submitting to journals, read the notes to authors first, paying particular
attention to the file type and resolution that they want. Many journals refuse
ink jet prints and insist on submission via glossy, dye sublimation
prints accompanied by electronic files. Very often the files need to be PDF files which include text and images.
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The screen on the right shows the workspace for
Photoshop:
1 Tool box,
full of selection tools, brushes,
erasers, and other fun
things,
2 Menus with several layers of drop down menus
& dialogues,
3 Tool options are context sensitive and allow
customization of tools,
4 Navigator/Info/Colour
palettes allows zooming in and out, shows information about the
cursor point and selection of colours,
5 History/Actions/Layers palettes allow multiple
backward steps, automation of tasks and manipulation of layers
and
6 Active image window
contains your image.
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After launching Photoshop, images are opened
via the File/Open dialogues. If several images are used
to create a plate, open them all and make each the final resolution
and final size using the Image/File Size dialogue (seen
to the right) with Resample Image checked. If the images
are not all at the same resolution the size will change when that
figure is combined with another that is at different resolution.
Make sure that Constrain Proportions is checked, otherwise
you may accidentally distort the height/width ratio of your image.
Choose the image that will become the top left
figure in the final plate and re-size its working canvas using
the Image/Canvas Size dialogue below. The 3 x 3 grid by
the red arrow below allows you to select where new canvas space
will be added. Typically, by clicking the top left square and
increasing the size, the existing figure is placed at the top
left and the total image space is increased by adding empty space
to the right and bottom of the figure.
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Each image will need its contrast and brightness
adjusted, most easily with the Image/Adjust/Levels dialogue.
Images that are too high in contrast will have lost critical shadow
and highlight tones and should be avoided. Images that are too
low in contrast will have a histogram similar to the one to the
right. The black level slider (1)
should be moved up to the beginning of the histogram at
the left arrow and the white level slider
(3) should be moved to the
other end of the histogram. The middle grey slider (2)
can then be moved back and forth to correct the middle tones.
Clicking "Preview" on and off can be a useful reality
check, showing the image before and after the levels change as
seen below. To accept the new contrast check OK. |
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The Palettes, shown at left, are a set of controls on
tabs that allow Navigation through the picture and selection
of screen magnification, allow measurement of tones, distances
and angles via Information, selection of Colour
for the foreground and background as used by paint brushes, fills
and type, manipulation of the Layers of which many images
consist, multiple undos by stepping backward through Histories
and automatic replaying of a series of individual steps through
recorded Actions.
Other palettes used less often and not shown
include Swatches that allow colour selection from a preset
range of colours, Styles that allow application of style
effects to a layer, Character and Paragraph, that
allow more detailed control of type than given by the Tool
Options at the top of the workspace, Channels, that
allow manipulation of the individual RGB (red-green-blue) or less
often the CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow-black) components of the image
and Paths, that allow selections and outlines to be exported
to vector based software such as Adobe Illustrator or Corel Draw.
We usually try to have a minimum number of palettes
open, grouped in two sets of threes: Navigation, Information
and Colour and Layers, Histories and Actions.
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Many Photoshop images are made up of a series
of Layers while being assembled. Each time something is
pasted into an image, it becomes a new layer. Each time more type
is set into the image it becomes another layer called whatever
the type says.
The Layers palette shows the picture's
layers from top to bottom and tell about the blending of each.
Each layer is similar to a sheet of transparent plastic and the
areas that show as checkerboard in the thumbnail views at 2
are transparent space, except the bottom, background
layer at 3 which remains opaque.
Type remains editable type on "T" layers at 1
until they are rasterized.
At the top of the palette are blending and locking
options and at the bottom are copying, deleting and special effects
buttons that amongst other things allow straight type to become
3-D shadowed type.
The saving of layers is only fully supported
in the .PSD file format. It is usual to save the file with layers
as a .PSD file and then, from the drop down menu at 4,
flatten the image and save as a .TIF file for publication.
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When it is time to print your plate, bear in
mind that a Photoshop picture is the image, the whole image and
nothing but the image. Unlike word processor documents, margins
do not exist in Photoshop. The margins of your print will be the
page size minus the image size divided by two. The image will
be centered on the page so to pull an image out of the binding
of a thesis, add a white strip to the image itself by increasing
the width using the Canvas Size with a right box clicked
so that the new space is added to the left of the figure.
Proof your images by Printing to the black
and white laser printer. When they look good, Export them
to the Kodak XLS8600 colour printer . If you plate is a black and
white image, first use the Image/Mode/RGB command and make
sure your whole image size is not more that 8" wide by 8.93"
deep. Check to make sure the Kodak printer is set to raster mode
and not postscript mode. Another alternatiuve is to Print them to the Epson 3000. When using this printer make sure that the Printer Properties are set to the right size of paper and right type: gloss, matt etc. Better papers allow higher resolution printing, however it is considerably slower.
More about Photoshop is coming in the future.
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: Updated : January 8th, 2008
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