Clicks
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Voiced implosives
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Ejectives
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OTHER SYMBOLS | ||||
Voiceless labial-velar fricative | Alveolo-palatal fricatives | |||
Voiced labial-velar approximant | Alveolar lateral flap | |||
Voiced labial-palatal approximant | Simultaneous and | |||
Voiceless epiglottal fricative | Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. | |||
Voiced epiglottal fricative | ||||
Epiglottal plosive |
Front | Central |
Back
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Front | Central |
Back
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DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. |
Voiceless | Breathy voiced | Dental | |||||||||
Voiced | Creaky voiced | Apical | |||||||||
Aspirated | Linguolabial | Laminal | |||||||||
More rounded |
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Labialized | Nasalized | ||||||||
Less rounded |
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Palatalized | Nasal release | ||||||||
Advanced |
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Velarized | Lateral release | ||||||||
Retracted |
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Pharyngealized | No audible release | ||||||||
Centralized |
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Velarized or Pharyngealized | |||||||||
Mid-centralized |
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Raised | (=voiced alveolar fricative) | ||||||||
Syllabic |
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Lowered | ( = lowered bilabial approximant) | ||||||||
Non-syllabic |
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Advanced Tongue Root | |||||||||
Rhoticity | Retracted Tongue Root |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Primary stress | ||
Secondary stress | ||
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Long | ||
Half-long | ||
Extra-short | ||
Minor (foot) group | ||
Major (intonation) group | ||
Syllable break | ||
Linking (absence of a break) |
LEVEL
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CONTOUR
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Extra high |
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Rising | |||||
High |
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Falling | |||||
Mid |
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High rising | |||||
Low |
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Low rising | |||||
Extra low |
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Rising-falling | |||||
Downstep | Global rise | ||||||
Upstep | Global fall |