CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) |
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Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations
judged impossible. |
Clicks |
Voiced implosives |
Ejectives |
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OTHER SYMBOLS | ||||
Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
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Alveolo-palatal fricatives | ||
Voiced labial-velar approximant |
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Alveolar lateral flap | ||
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Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
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Simultaneous and | |
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Voiceless epiglottal fricative | Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. | ||
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Voiced epiglottal fricative | |||
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Epiglottal plosive |
Front | Central |
Back |
Front | Central |
Back |
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. |
Voiceless | Breathy voiced | Dental | |||||||||
Voiced | Creaky voiced | Apical | |||||||||
Aspirated | Linguolabial | Laminal | |||||||||
More rounded |
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Labialized | Nasalized | ||||||||
Less rounded |
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Palatalized | Nasal release | ||||||||
Advanced |
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Velarized | Lateral release | ||||||||
Retracted |
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Pharyngealized | No audible release | ||||||||
Centralized |
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Velarized or Pharyngealized | |||||||||
Mid-centralized |
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Raised | (=voiced alveolar fricative) | ||||||||
Syllabic |
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Lowered | (= voiced bilabial approximant) | ||||||||
Non-syllabic |
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Advanced Tongue Root | |||||||||
Rhoticity | Retracted Tongue Root |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Primary stress | ||
Secondary stress | ||
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Long | ||
Half-long | ||
Extra-short | ||
Minor (foot) group | ||
Major (intonation) group | ||
Syllable break | ||
Linking (absence of a break) |
LEVEL |
CONTOUR |
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or |
Extra high |
or |
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Rising | |||
High |
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Falling | |||||
Mid |
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High rising | |||||
Low |
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Low rising | |||||
Extra low |
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Rising-falling | |||||
Downstep | Global rise | ||||||
Upstep | Global fall |