Publications

These are the areas in which I write and conduct research. The most recent efforts are in the first category.

• Gifford, R., Steg, L., & Reser, J. P. (in press). Environmental psychology. In Martin, P., Cheung, F., Kyrios, M., Littlefield, L., Knowles, M., Overmier, B., & Prieto, J. P. (Eds.). IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology. New York: Oxford.

• Gifford, R. (in press). The role of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relations. In Horowitz, L., & Strack, S. (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions. New York: Wiley.

• Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (in press). The relations between natural and civic place attachment and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology.

• Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 1-10.

• Abrahamse, W., Steg, L., Gifford, R., & Vlek, C. (in press). Factors influencing car use and the intention to reduce it: A question of morality? Transportation Research Part F.

• Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (in press). Stable or dynamic value importance? The interaction between value endorsement level and situational differences on decision-making in environmental issues. Environment and Behavior.

• Gifford, R. (in press). Sustainable development: Psychological aspects. International Encyclopedia of Peace. Oxford University Press.

• Gifford, R., Scannell, L., Kormos, C., Smolova, L., Biel, A., Boncu, S., Corral, V., Hanyu, K, Hine, D. W., Kaiser, F. G., Korpela, K., Lima, L., Mertig, A. G., Garcia Mira, R., Moser, G., Passafaro, P., Pinheiro, J. Q., Saini, S., Sako, T., Sautkina, E., Savina, Y., Schmuck, P., Schultz, P. W., Sobeck, K., Sundblad, K., & Uzzell, D. (2009). Temporal pessimism and spatial optimism in environmental assessments: An 18-nation study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 1-12.

• Hine, D. W., Gifford, R., Heath, Y., Cooksey, R., & Quain, P. (2009). A cue utilization approach for investigating harvest decisions in commons dilemmas. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 564-588.

• Gifford, R. (2008). Psychology’s essential role in climate change. Canadian Psychology/psychologie canadienne, 49, 273-280.

• Steg, L. & Gifford, R. (2008). Social psychology and environmental problems. In L. Steg, A. P. Buunk, & T. Rothengatter (Eds.), Applied social psychology: Understanding and managing social problems. New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Gifford, R. (2008). Environmental psychology. Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. MacMillan reference.

• Gifford, R. (2008). Toward a comprehensive model of social dilemmas. In A. Biel, D. Eek, T. Gärling, & M. Gustafsson (Eds.). New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas. Springer.

• Steg, L., & Gifford, R. (2008). Sustainable transport and quality of life. In A. Perrels, V. Himanen, & M. Lee-Gosselin (Eds.). Building blocks for sustainable transport. Bingley, UK: Emerald.

• Gifford, R. (2007). Territoriality. In K. D. Vohs & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. New York: Sage Reference.

• Gifford, R. (2007). Environmental psychology: Principles and practice (4th edition). Optimal Books. (more information)

• Gifford, R. (2007). The consequences of living in high-rise buildings. Architectural Science Review, 50(1), 2-17.

• Gifford, R. (2007). Environmental psychology and sustainable development: Expansion, maturation, and challenges. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 199-212.

• Gifford, R., & Steg, L. (2007). The impact of automobile traffic on quality of life. In T. Garling & L. Steg (Eds.), Threats from car traffic to the quality of urban life: Problems, causes, and solutions (pp. 33-51). Elsevier.

• Hine, D. W., Marks, A. D. G., Nachreinera, M., Gifford, R., & Heath, Y. (2007). Keeping the home fires burning: The affect heuristic and wood smoke pollution. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 26-32.

• Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2006). Free-market ideology and environmental degradation: The case of belief in global climate change. Environment and Behavior, 38, 48-71.

• Gifford, R. (2006). Nonverbal behavior and personality. In M. Patterson & V. Manusov (Eds.). Handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 159-179). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Gifford, R. (2006). A general model of social dilemmas. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics, 5, 23-40.

• Gifford, R., & Lacombe, C. (2006). Housing quality and children's socioemotional health. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 21, 177-189.

General introductions to these fields.

• Gifford, R. (in press). Sustainable development: Psychological aspects.  International Encyclopedia of Peace. Oxford University Press

• Gifford, R. (2008). Environmental psychology. Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. MacMillan reference.

• Gifford, R. (2007). Environmental psychology: Principles and practice (4th edition). Optimal Books. (more information)

• Gifford, R. (2005). O papel da Psicologia ambiental na fomaçao da politica ambiental e na construcao do futuro. [The role of environmental psychology in environmental policy and the construction of the future]. Psicologia USP, 16, 237-247. (In Portuguese).

• Gifford, R. (2005). 環境心理学〜原理と実践〜 [Japanese translation of Environmental psychology: Principles and Practice]. Tokyo: Kitaohji Shobo.

• Gifford, R. (2005). Applying social psychology to the environment. In F. Schneider, J. Gruman, & L. Coutts (Eds.). Applied social psychology: Understanding and Addressing Social and Practical Problems. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Gifford, R. (2004). Novas abordagens de um problema critico: A tomada de decisao em dilemas sobre o uso de recursos. [New directions in a critical problem: Decision-making in resource dilemmas]. In E. T. Tassara, E. P. Rabinovich, & M. C. Guedes (Eds.), Psychology and environment (pp. 79-89). Sao Paulo: Educ/Fapesp/Capes. (In Portuguese).

• Gifford, R. (2002). Making a difference: Some ways that environmental psychology has made a difference (pp. 323-334). In R. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (2^nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

• Veitch, J. A., & Gifford, R. (1997). Editors' introduction to the special issue: Behavioural origins and solutions of environmental problems. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 29, 138-144.

• Gifford, R. (1997). Environmental psychology. In J. Santrock, Psychology (5th edition).

• Neufeldt, D. E., & Gifford, R. (1997). Applied psychology. In J. Santrock, Psychology (5th edition).

• Gifford, R. (1994). Environmental psychology. In the Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, vol. 2. Academic Press.

• Gifford, R. (1993). Psychologists at work. In N. Carlson, Psychology: The science of behavior. Allyn and Bacon.

• Gifford, R. (Ed.) (1991). Applied psychology: Variety and opportunity. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  (This book is out of print; let me know if you would like to see it revised and back in print)

• Gifford, R. (1991). Welcome to the neighborhood. In R. Gifford (Ed.), Applied psychology: Variety and opportunity (pp. 1-19). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

• Gifford, R. (1991). The environmental psychologist. In R. Gifford (Ed.), Applied psychology: Variety and opportunity (pp. 327-352). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

• Gifford, R., & Hine, D. W. (1990-91). Substance abuse and the physical environment. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 829-855.

• Gifford, R. (1992). Performance and related outcomes of inadequate offices: An annotated bibliography. Part 1. Report to British Columbia Buildings Corporation

• Gifford, R. (1992). Performance and related outcomes of inadequate offices: An annotated bibliography. Part 2. Report to British Columbia Buildings Corporation

These studies examine why and under which circumstances individuals with access to limited, slowly regenerating resources such as fish or forests cooperate to conserve the resource, or over-harvest it, threatening or extinguishing it.

Check out our computer simulation program FISH 3.1, which creates a networkable, Java-based microworld for testing hypotheses in this area on any computer platform.

• Gifford, R. (2008). Toward a comprehensive model of social dilemmas. In A. Biel, D. Eek, T. Gärling, & M. Gustafsson (Eds.). New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas. Springer.

• Gifford, R. (2006). A general model of social dilemmas. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics, 5, 23-40.

• Gifford, J., & Gifford, R. (2000). FISH 3: A microworld for studying social dilemmas and resource management. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 417-422.

• Gifford, R., & Hine, D. W. (1997). Toward cooperation in commons dilemmas. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 29, 167-178.

• Gifford, R., & Hine, D. W. (1997). "I'm cooperative, but you're greedy": Some cognitive tendencies in a commons dilemma. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 29, 257-265.

• Hine, D. W., & Gifford, R. (1997). What harvesters really think about in commons dilemma simulations: A grounded theory analysis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 29, 179-193.

• Veitch, J. A., & Gifford, R. (1997). Editors' introduction to the special issue: Behavioural origins and solutions of environmental problems. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 29, 138-144.

• Hine, D. W., & Gifford, R. (1996). Attributions about self and others in commons dilemmas. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 429-445.

• Hine, D. W., & Gifford, R. (1996). Individual restraint and group efficiency in commons dilemmas: The effects of uncertainty and risk-seeking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 993-1009.

• Gifford, R., & Wells, J. (1991). FISH: A commons dilemma simulation. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 23, 437-441.

• Gifford, R. (1982). Children and the commons dilemma. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 269-280.

Articles that consider the role of psychology in large-scale environmental problems.

• Gifford, R., Scannell, L., Kormos, C., Smolova, L., Biel, A., Boncu, S., Corral, V., Hanyu, K, Hine, D. W., Kaiser, F. G., Korpela, K., Lima, L., Mertig, A. G., Garcia Mira, R., Moser, G., Passafaro, P., Pinheiro, J. Q., Saini, S., Sako, T., Sautkina, E., Savina, Y., Schmuck, P., Schultz, P. W., Sobeck, K., Sundblad, K., & Uzzell, D. (in press). Temporal pessimism and spatial optimism in environmental assessments: An 18-nation study. Journal of Environmental Psychology.

• Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (in press). Stable or dynamic value importance? The interaction between value endorsement level and situational differences on decision-making in environmental issues. Environment and Behavior.

• Gifford, R. (2007). Environmental psychology and sustainable development: Expansion, maturation, and challenges. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 199-212.

• Gifford, R., & Steg, L. (2007). The impact of automobile traffic on quality of life. In T. Garling & L. Steg (Eds.), Threats to the quality of urban life from car traffic: Problems, causes, and solutions. Elsevier.

• Steg, L., & Gifford, R. (2008). Sustainable transport and quality of life. In A. Perrels, V. Himanen, & M. Lee-Gosselin (Eds.). Making sustainable transport policy: Obstacles, trends and solutions. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

• Hine, D. W., Marks, A. D. G., Nachreinera, M., Gifford, R., & Heath, Y. (2007). Keeping the home fires burning: The affect heuristic and wood smoke pollution. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 26-32.

• Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2006). Free-market ideology and environmental degradation: The Case of Belief in Global Climate Change. Environment and Behavior, 38, 48-71.

• Steg, L., & Gifford, R. (2005). Sustainable transportation and quality of life. Journal of Transport Geography, 13, 59-69.

• Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public transportation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 2154-2189.

• Sako, T. Hirata, S., & Gifford, R. (2001). Measurement of attitudes toward environmental problems: An examination of the Japanese version of the Environmental Appraisal Inventory. Kankyo Kyoiku (Environmental Education), 11, 1-14.

• Gifford, R. (2000). How psychology can save the planet. Psychology Today, April.

• Sako, T., & Gifford, R. (1999). Principal factors of environmental awareness: A study of the construct validity of the Environmental Appraisal Inventory. MERA Journal, 5(2), 1-9.

• Gifford, R. (1999). Environmental numbness and the secret science. Presidential address for APA Division 34, August, 1999.
  (Not in print; copies available from me)

• Gifford, R. (1995). Natural psychology: An introduction. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 167-168.

• Hine, D. W., & Gifford, R. (1991). Fear appeals, individual differences, and environmental concern. Journal of Environmental Education, 23(1), 36-41.

• Gifford, R., Hay, R., & Boros, K. (1982-3). Individual differences in environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 14(2), 19-23.

Studies that examine the relations between personal dispositions, interpersonal situations, and objectively measured speech and body movements.

• Gifford, R. (2006). Nonverbal behavior and personality. In M. Patterson & V. Manusov (Eds.). Handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 159-179). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Reynolds, D. J. Jr., & Gifford, R. (2001). The sounds and sights of intelligence: A lens model channel analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 187-200.

• Gifford, R. (1994). A lens-mapping framework for understanding the encoding and decoding of interpersonal dispositions in nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 398-412.

• Gifford, R., & Hine, D. W. (1994). The role of verbal behavior in the encoding and decoding of interpersonal dispositions. Journal of Personality, 28, 115-132.

• Gifford, R., & Sacilotto, P. (1993). Social isolation and personal space: A field study. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25, 165-174.

• Gifford, R. (1991). Mapping nonverbal behavior on the interpersonal circle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 279-288.

• O'Connor, B., & Gifford, R. (1988). A test among models of nonverbal intimacy reactions: Arousal-labeling, discrepancy-arousal, and social cognition. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12, 6-33.

• Gifford, R., & O'Connor, B. (1987). The interpersonal circumplex as a behavior map. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1019-1026.

• Gifford, R., & O'Connor, B. (1986). Nonverbal intimacy: Clarifying the role of seating distance and orientation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 10, 207-214.

• Gifford, R., & Gallagher, T. M. B. (1985). Sociability: Personality, social context, and physical setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1015-1023.

• Gifford, R. (1983). The experience of personal space: Perception of interpersonal distance. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 7, 170-178.

• Gifford, R. (1982). Individual and setting differences in kinesic activity during conversations. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 8, 56-63.

• Gifford, R. (1982). Projected interpersonal distance and orientation choices: Personality, sex, and social situation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45, 145-152.

• Gifford, R. (1982). Affiliativeness: A trait measure in relation to single-act and multiple-act behavioral criteria. Journal of Research in Personality, 16, 128-134.

• Gifford, R. (1981). Sociability: Traits, settings, and interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 340-347.

• Gifford, R., & Price, J. (1979). Personal space in nursery school children. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 11, 318-326.

• Gifford, R., & Peacock, J. (1979). Crowding: More fearsome than crime-provoking? Comparison of an Asian city and a North American city. Psychologia, 22, 79-83.

A theory under development about how individuals assess others as meeting their needs (or not).

• Gifford, R. (2000). Social evaluation theory. American Psychological Society, Miami, June 9. Published abstract: International Journal of Psychology, 35, 3-4, 120.

Studies that use or adapt Egon Brunswik's framework for displaying and analyzing how observers correctly and incorrectly use objective cues to perceive physical or social reality. We have used the lens model to study such diverse problems as personality, burglary, the perception of architecture, job interviews, intelligence, and rapport in romantic relationships.

• Gifford, R., Hine, D. W., Muller-Clemm, W., & Shaw, K. T. (2002). Why architects and laypersons judge buildings differently: Cognitive and physical bases. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 19, 131-147.

• Douglas, D., & Gifford, R. (2001). Evaluation of the physical classroom by students and professors: A lens model approach. Educational Research, 43, 295-309.

• Brown, G., & Gifford, R. (2001). Architects predict lay evaluations of large contemporary buildings: Whose conceptual properties? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 93-99.

• Reynolds, D. J. Jr., & Gifford, R. (2001). The sounds and sights of intelligence: A lens model channel analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 187-200.

• Gifford, R., Hine, D. W., Muller-Clemm, W., & Shaw, K. T. (2000). Decoding modern architecture: A lens-model approach for understanding the aesthetic differences of architects and laypersons. Environment and Behavior, 32, 163-187.

• Ham-Rowbottom, K., Gifford, R., & Shaw, K. T. (1999). Defensible space theory and the police: Assessing the vulnerability of residences to burglary. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 117-129.

• Gifford, R. (1994). A lens-mapping framework for understanding the encoding and decoding of interpersonal dispositions in nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 398-412.

• Gifford, R., & Hine, D. W. (1994). The role of verbal behavior in the encoding and decoding of interpersonal dispositions. Journal of Personality, 28, 115-132.

• Gifford, R., Ng, C. F., & Wilkinson, M. (1985). Nonverbal cues in the employment interview: Links between applicant qualities and interviewer judgments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 729-736.

These studies investigate features of residences that lead burglars to view them as attractive or unattractive targets. The studies also compare burglars' perceptions with those of residents and police.

• Ham-Rowbottom, K., Gifford, R., & Shaw, K. T. (1999). Defensible space theory and the police: Assessing the vulnerability of residences to burglary. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 117-129.

• Shaw, K. T., & Gifford, R. (1994). Residents' and burglars' assessment of risk from defensible space cues. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14, 177-194.

• Gifford, R. (1993). Crime and context: A complex, crucial conundrum. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 1-2.

• Macdonald, J. E., & Gifford, R. (1989). Territorial cues and defensible space theory: The burglar's point of view. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 193-205.

These studies examine psychological aspects of architecture and urban scenes, on earth and in space. Some aim to understand why different observers have very different opinions of buildings. Others are attempts to help create buildings that better suit the people who will actually live or work in those buildings or spacecraft.

• Gifford, R. (2007). The consequences of living in high-rise buildings. Architectural Science Review, 50(1), 2-17.

• Gifford, R., & Lacombe, C. (2006). Housing quality and children's socioemotional health. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 21, 177-189.

• Gifford, R., & Lacombe, C. (2006). The habitability of spacecraft: Assessments of a virtual reality simulation of the ISS across cultural, personality, and individual differences. Report to the Canadian Space Agency.

• Gifford, R., Hine, D. W., Muller-Clemm, W., & Shaw, K. T. (2002). Why architects and laypersons judge buildings differently: Cognitive and physical bases. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 19, 131-147.

• Brown, G., & Gifford, R. (2001). Architects predict lay evaluations of large contemporary buildings: Whose conceptual properties? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 93-99.

• Gifford, R., Hine, D. W., Muller-Clemm, W., & Shaw, K. T. (2000). Decoding modern architecture: A lens-model approach for understanding the aesthetic differences of architects and laypersons. Environment and Behavior, 32, 163-187.

• Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2001). Post-occupancy evaluation of therapeutic gardens in a multi-level care facility for the aged. Activities, Adaptation, and Aging, 25(2), 21-43.

• Gifford, R. (1999). The adjustment of the elderly to congregate care housing. Report to Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Ottawa.

• Gifford, R., & Martin, M. (1991). A multiple sclerosis centre program and post-occupancy evaluation. In W. F. E. Preiser, & J. Vischer (Eds.). Design innovation: The challenge of cultural change. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

• Gifford, R., & Ng, C. F. (1982). The relative contribution of visual and auditory cues to environmental perception. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2, 275-284.

• Gifford, R. (1980). Environmental dispositions and the evaluation of architectural interiors. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 386-399.

• Gifford, R. (1980). Judgments of the built environment as functions of individual differences and context. Journal of Man-Environment Relations, 1, 22-31.

• Gifford, R. (1976). Environmental numbness in the classroom. Journal of Experimental Education, 44(3), 4-7.

• Gifford, R., & Martin, M. (1990). A post-fire evaluation of the design of the Nellie McClung branch library. Report prepared for the Greater Victoria Library Board.

• Martin, M., & Gifford, R. (1990). Reducing risk in income assistance offices. Report prepared for the BC Ministry of Social Services and Housing.

• Gifford, R., & Martin, M. (1989). Supportive housing for seniors, part 2: The need and demand until the year 2001. Report to the British Columbia Ministry of Health and the British Columbia Housing Management Commission.

• Watts, T., Gifford, R., & Martin, M. (1989). Supportive housing options for seniors, part 1: A critical examination of supportive housing options. Report to the British Columbia Ministry of Health and the British Columbia Housing Management Commission.

• Gifford, R., & Martin, M. (1988). The personal and community impacts of supportive housing: An annotated bibliography. Report for the Municipality of Saanich.

• Gifford, R. (1988). The Cridge Centre for the Family looks ahead: Concluding report. Report to the Board of Directors.

• Gifford, R., & Schmidt, F. N. (1987). A program for the integrated facilities of the Victoria and Vancouver Island Multiple Sclerosis Society. Report to the Board of Directors.

• Gifford, R., & Britton, B. (1987). Oak Bay Kiwanis Pavilion: A postoccupancy evaluation by its residents. Report to the Board of Directors.

• Ng, C. F., & Gifford, R. (1986). The Greater Victoria Public Library (Esquimalt Branch): A post-occupancy evaluation report. Report to the Greater Victoria Public Library Board.

These studies create scales or other tools for conducting research in my areas of interest. Most are under continuous development; I am interested in working with others who may wish to help develop them.

• The Environmental Futures Scale: Assessing Optimism-Pessimism for Ecological Problems (write to ask: rgifford@uvic.ca)

• Environmental Extremism: Measuring Support for Radical Environmentalism (write to ask: rgifford@uvic.ca)

• Our computer simulation program -- FISH 3.1 -- which creates a networkable, Java-based microworld for testing hypotheses in the areas of commons dilemmas and resource management on any computer platform. (write to ask: rgifford@uvic.ca)

• Sako, T. Hirata, S., & Gifford, R. (2001). Measurement of attitudes toward environmenal problems: An examination of the Japanese version of the Environmental Appraisal Inventory. Kankyo Kyoiku (Environmental Education), 11, 1-14.

• Sako, T., & Gifford, R. (1999). Principal factors of environmental awareness: A study of the construct validity of the Environmental Appraisal Inventory. MERA Journal, 5, 9-14.

• Schmidt, F. N., & Gifford, R. (1989). A dispositional approach to hazard perception: The environmental appraisal inventory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 57-67.

• Verbal and nonverbal behavior that occurs during conversations and interviews (SKANS, now in its 5th edition; write to ask: rgifford@uvic.ca)

• Perceived control and the importance of control at home, at school or work, and in public settings (SPICE) (write to ask: rgifford@uvic.ca)

• Belief in free will and/or determinism (FWD) (write to ask: rgifford@uvic.ca)

• Belief in the power of the environment to affect one's own behavior and well-being (PSS) (write to ask: rgifford@uvic.ca)

• Differential identification with real-world groups to which one belongs (GI)

These studies examine psychological aspects of lighting, such as whether full-spectrum or brighter lighting affects performance or mood, attitudes toward lighting, perceived control of lighting, and the effect of nature views through windows.

• Gifford, R., Hine, D. W., & Veitch, J. A. (1997). Meta-analysis for environment-behavior research, illuminated with a study of lighting level effects on office task performance. In G. T. Moore & R. W. Marans (Eds.), Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design (vol. 4).

• Veitch, J. A.,& Gifford, R. (1996). Choice, perceived control, and performance decrements in the physical environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16269-276.

• Veitch, J. A., & Gifford, R. (1996). Assessing beliefs about lighting effects on health, performance, mood, and social behavior. Environment and Behavior, 28446-470.

• Veitch, J. A., Hine, D. W., & Gifford, R. (1993). End-users' knowledge, beliefs, and preferences for lighting. Journal of Interior Design, 19(2), 15-26.

• Veitch, J. A., Gifford, R., & Hine, D. W. (1991). Demand characteristics and full spectrum lighting effects on performance and mood. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 87-95.

• O'Connor, B. P., Davidson, H., & Gifford, R. (1991). Window view, social exposure, and nursing home adaptation. Canadian Journal on Aging, 10, 216-223.

• Boray, P. F., Gifford, R., & Rosenblood, L. (1989). Effects of warm white, cool white, and full-spectrum lighting on simple cognitive performance, mood, and ratings of others. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 297-308.

• Gifford, R. (1988). Light, decor, arousal, comfort, and communication. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 8, 177-189.

• Gifford, R. (2007). Book review: K. Conca and G. D. Dabelko (Eds.) “Environmental peacemaking.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(1), 127-128.

• Gifford, R. (2004). Review of "Inventing personality: Gordon Allport and the science of selfhood" by Ian A. M. Nicholson. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 45, 187-188.

• Gifford, R. (2002). Editorial [as new editor]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 5-6

• Gifford, R. (1998). Introduction [to special issue on special places]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18, 3-4.

• Gifford, R. (1995). Natural psychology: An introduction. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 167-168.

• Gifford, R. (1989). Review of "Advances in environment, behavior and design (Volume 1)" edited by E. H. Zube and G. T. Moore. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 82-86.

• Gifford, R. (1986). Review of "Not in our genes" by R. C. Lewontin, S. Rose, and L. J. Kamin. In Environments, 18(3), 114-115.

• Gifford, R. (1981). Are student preferences really different from those of professionals? A comment on Babarik. Canadian Psychology - Psychologie Canadienne, 22, 195-196.

• Gifford, R. (1980). Review of "Differential psychology." by H. Minton and F. Schneider Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 21, 137-138.

Don't get too excited; there are no UFOs or Loch Ness monsters here. I am an academic, after all. This is a miscellany of side trips and short-term obsessions driven by midnight ideas, hallway conversations, and pure curiosity. These are what happen when you love research but want a diversion. I do think environmental numbness (1976) is important as a concept, and not merely in the classroom.

• Gifford, R., & Hine, D. W. (1990-91). Substance abuse and the physical environment. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 829-855.

• Gifford, R. (1988). Book dedications: A new measure of scholarly impact and indebtedness. Scholarly Publication, 19, 221-226.

• Gifford, R. (1985). Age, era, and life perspective: Emotional connotations of the 1920s through the 1980s to individuals in their twenties through their eighties. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 20(1), 33-40.

• Gifford, R., Ward, J., & Dahms, W. (1977). Pedestrian velocities: A multivariate study of social and environmental effects. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 3, 66-68.

• Gifford, R. (1976). Environmental numbness in the classroom. Journal of Experimental Education, 44(3), 4-7.

• Gifford, R., & Sommer R. (1969). The desk or the bed? Personnel and Guidance Journal, 46, 876-878.