"Ancient Sounding-Weights: Catalogue."

(revised 1 October 2001)

 

 

Introduction

Outline of Typology

Catalogue

Works Cited

 

Introduction

    This web site presents my working version of a corpus of sounding-weights from the ancient Mediterranean world, intended as a supplement to the article published in Journal of Roman Archaeology 13 (2000) 293-310. The article with catalogue far exceeded the space available in JRA. Since I plan to publish a more complete, fully illustrated corpus, with more detailed treatment of the context of sounding-leads and their role in navigation, in the near future, web publication of the catalogue seemed a good option. Thirteen sounding weights were published or came to my attention after the article itself went to press. They have been noted here at the end of the catalogue with a separate numbering system [S(upplement)001 to S013.]. The only major result derived from this supplementary material is construction of a new shape sub-class (4C: Tall Bell with Added Suspension Lug); see nos. S006 and S007. The addition of S001, now known to be from the same context as no. 078, forms a set of shallow and deep water sounding weights. S012 now forms a close parallel with the stone weight no. 032, and S002 provides a new shape for possible stone sounding weights.

    Bibliographical references within the catalogue are abbreviated, but a bibliography at the end of the document provides full references both to items mentioned in the catalogue and in the text of the article. As I have noted in the article, this catalogue undoubtedly remains incomplete. I would welcome any information about ancient sounding weights not mentioned here, or references to publications that I have missed. Many scholars have assisted me in the assembly of this material. I have thanked them in the JRA article, note 8.

    This copus assumes knowledge of a typology of shapes explained in the JRA article. A summary of this typology is given here, along with a selection of profile drawings illustrating the shapes. Click on the indicated links to view the appropriate section drawings.

 

OUTLINE OF TYPOLOGY

 

Class 1. Hemisphere. The weights in this class approximate a hemisphere (sometimes slightly stretched or flattened), without any marked articulation of the lip, shoulder, or apex.

     1A. Lead suspension lug cast together with body of weight (23 examples: cat. nos. 002, 020, 030, 033, 036, 040, 043, 044, 074, 075, 081, 082, 083, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 090, 091, 092, 093).

     1B. Added suspension lug (4 examples: cat. nos. 015, 029, 094, 095).

Class 2: Truncated Hemisphere. The weights in this class approximate a hemisphere from which a slice of the upper section has been removed, leaving a flat surface parallel to the base.

     2A. Lead suspension lug cast together with body of weight (2 examples: cat. nos. 035, 096).

     2B. Added suspension lug (4 examples: cat nos. 007, 021, 023, 057).

Class 3: Squat Bell. The weights in this class have the shape of a squat, heavy bell, with concave sides and a marked outward curve at the base.

     3A. Lead suspension lug cast together with body of weight (5 examples: cat. nos. 041, 045, 046, 047, 076).

     3B. Added suspension lug (5 examples: cat. nos. 010, 025, 053, 097, 098).

Class 4: Tall Bell. The weights in this class are taller than those in Class 3, more cylindrical in shape, and they lack the outward curve at the base.

    4A. Nearly cylindrical body, with straight sides, marked, angular shoulder (8 examples: cat nos. 048, 068, 069, 099, 100, 101, 102, 103).

     4B. Sides slightly convex, with more rounded and less distinct shoulder (10 examples: cat. nos. 049, 054, 060, 078, 079, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108).

Class 5. Cone. The weights in this class approximate a cone, although the sides are in fact sometimes slightly concave or convex.

     5A. Lead suspension lug cast together with body of weight. The tip of the cone may be formed into a distinct suspension lug, or simply be pierced for attachment of a rope (17 examples: cat. nos. 013, 034, 037, 058, 062, 070, 071, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118).

     5B. Added suspension lug (5 examples: cat. nos. 008, 016, 026, 059, 119).

Class 6: Truncated Cone. The weights in this class approximate a cone from which a section of the apex has been removed, leaving a flat surface parallel to the base. The sides are in fact sometimes slightly concave or convex.

     6A. Lead suspension lug cast together with body of weight (13 examples: cat. nos. 027, 031, 038, 039, 055, 056, 061, 063, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124).

     6B. Added suspension lug (5 examples: cat. nos. 006, 022, 024, 077, 125).

Class 7. Tapering Bar. The weights in this class are long and thin, tapering from a narrow, convex base to a slightly flattened, perforated suspension lug without any intervening shoulder. They are much lighter and smaller than examples in any of the other classes, and the tallow-cup is absent. At the same time, they seem too big for fishing line weights. Their atypical shape and size may result simply from their use on small coasting craft in familiar waters.

     7A. Long Tapering Bar (2 examples: cat. nos. 126, 127).

     7B. Short Tapering Bar (1 examples: cat. no. 011).

Class 8: Miscellaneous Shapes (described individually). 4 examples: Purse or pillow shape (nos. 032, 064), truncated pyramid (no. 001), irregular, approximately conical (no. 128).

Class 9. Doubtful examples. The weights in this class probably were not sounding-weights, but they have been published as such elsewhere. Most of them are weights that lack a tallow cup or some other means of holding the tallow charge. Some may in fact have been used to test the depth for fishing, but many may simply have served as weights on fishing lines or fishing nets (11 examples: cat. nos. 003, 004, 005, 009, 028, 065, 066, 072, 129, 130, 131).

Class 10. Post-Classical examples. Most of the weights in this class were found on or near ancient ship wrecks and have been published as ancient sounding-weights. A few are isolated finds assumed to be ancient. Most are long or short tapering bars, often square or octagonal in section, with small tallow cups. This shape is typical of sounding-weights from the sixteenth century onwards (3 examples, of which 1 is also in Class 7A: cat. no. 080, 126, 132).

 

Catalogue of Sounding-Weights and Objects Published as Sounding-Weights.

     The weights for which dates are available are arranged in chronological order (nos. 001-080). Undated weights (nos. 081-138) are arranged by class, then country, and a supplement follows (S001-S013), arranged by country and shape. The following norms have been adopted for the Catalogue in the interests of clarity and brevity. The headings provide (where known) catalogue no., modern country of origin, terrestrial location nearest the point of discovery, name or wreck or find spot, class, and date. The following standard terms are used for the parts of the sounding-weight: suspension lug, tethering hole, apex (highest point of the body of the weight), shoulder, body (main mass of the weight), wall (side of the body), base, tallow cup, tallow cage (use of nails to form a cage for the tallow), roof (top surface of tallow cup), septa walls (separator walls projecting from sides and roof of tallow cup), nipples (narrow, roughly cylindrical projections from interior wall of tallow cup). The material of a weight is lead unless otherwise specified. The condition is not mentioned unless erosion significantly affects determination of shape or weight. Suspension lugs are cast in one piece with lead weight unless otherwise indicated. Any added nails and rings have been lost unless otherwise specified and are assumed to have been iron unless copper is specified. Only the most important bibliography is provided for a weight, particularly if it has been collected in Parker 1992. The Parker reference is cited for all wrecks for which sounding-weights are catalogued, even if Parker does not mention the object. Unless there is significant disagreement with the primary literature, the dates and wreck designations given by Parker have been used, in particular the designation of multiple wrecks at one location by letters rather than numbers. The present location of the weight is given if known, along with any published inventory numbers. When more than one weight is catalogued from a single wreck, the weights are numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. for that wreck site. I have been able to examine personally only a small portion of these weights, and many of the rest have not been published in sufficient detail. As a result, the descriptions vary in detail and comprehensiveness.

 

001      TURKEY.       Ulu Burun.     Ulu Burun Wreck.    Class 8: Miscellaneous. 1325 B.C.

      Truncated pyramidal body with rectangular cross-section; slightly off-centre suspension hole through narrower upper end (D 0.011). Straight sides; edges seem to have been rounded by abrasion. No tallow cup. The object was found with a group of net weights, and Pulak suggests that it may have served either as the heavy foremost sinker on a net or as the ship's sounding lead. H 0.10; top 0.053 x 0.031; base 0.082 x 0.053.

Pulak 1988: 33, no. KW 267, fig. 41; Parker 1992: 439-40.

 

002      ITALY.           Gela.   Archaic Wreck.         Class 1A: Hemisphere.        500 B.C.

      Small, slightly flattened hemispherical body with slightly flattened sides. Small, ring-shaped tethering ring, possibly cast into the apex of the weight. Shallow, rough-walled tallow cup with central point. H 0.08; D 0.129. ca. 5.3 kg.

      Agrigento, Museo Nazionale.

Fiorentini 1990: 27, pl. X.4; Wilson 1995-96: 98.

 

003      ITALY Campomarino (Taranto).   La Madonnina Wreck.         Class 9: Doubtful.  325-300 B.C.

      Weight no. 1. Very corroded and encrusted. Roughly conical shape, with flat base, and splayed apex. The apex appears to consist of two sheets or flaps of lead that splay outward from a central core or rod. No apparent suspension ring or lug. H ca. 0.14; base D ca. 0.09.

      The irregular shape of this object, and the splayed upper termination suggest that it may have served some other function than that of sounding-weight.

      McCann 1972: 182; Parker 1992: 249;McCann 1998: 237.

 

004      ITALY Campomarino (Taranto).   La Madonnina Wreck.         Class 9: Doubtful.  325-300 B.C.

      Weight no. 2. Lead object with square central hole. Roughly rectangular cross section, tapering from a flat base (D 0.10 x 0.07) to an eroded and broken apex (D ca. 0.07 x 0.03). A regular hole, square in section (ca. 0.02 m) extends vertically from the apex to the base. H 0.10; base D 0.10.

      This object does not resemble a sounding weight.

      McCann 1972: 182; Parker 1992: 249; McCann 1998: 237.

 

005      CYPRUS.       Kyrenia.         Kyrenia Wreck.        Class 9: Doubtful.     300 B.C.

      Fat, cigar-shaped metallic object with longitudinal perforation. L 0.131. D 0.014-0.016. 0.863 kg. Broken. The shape seems too narrow for a sounding lead, and the supposed tallow cup too small. Probably a metallic compound that formed around a rope or iron object that has now disappeared.

      M. Katzev, Personal communication.

 

006      SPAIN            Ses Lloses, Mahon Harbour (Menorca).   Lazaret Wreck.       Class 6B: Truncated Cone.  200 B.C.

      Wide, low, truncated conical body; straight sides tapering up to a wide, flat upper surface, into which an iron suspension ring had been cast. Deep tallow cup tapering to a smooth central boss (1.7 deep). H 0.05; base D 0.075; upper D 0.033.

      Fernandez-Miranda 1977: fig. 45; Parker 1992: 241.

 

007      FRANCE.      La Chrétienne (Marseilles). La Chrétienne Wreck C.     Class 2B. Truncated Hemisphere.       2nd quarter 2nd C B.C.

      Weight no. 2. Truncated hemispherical body, with wide, flat upper surface. Iron suspension ring cast into upper surface. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow-cup with three nail holes in roof; there are also three nail holes through the walls. H 0.064; base D 0.112. 3.557 kg.

      Joncheray 1975a: 95, fig. 46.1, pl. 54; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 14; Parker 1992: 141

 

008      FRANCE.      La Chrétienne (Marseilles). La Chrétienne Wreck C.     Class 5B: Cone.  2nd quarter 2nd C B.C.

      Weight no. 3. Irregular cone-shaped body with slightly concave sides. The slight resemblance to squat bell shape is probably result of wear. An iron nail was hammered straight down into the top of the cone to serve as an attachment lug. A second nail was hammered through the body of the weight at a downward slant, and the surplus folded up against the exterior. The drawing appears to show two nail holes penetrating through to the base, but these are not apparent in the photograph (Joncheray 1975: fig. 46.2, photo 56b). Smooth base. H 0.08; base D 0.078. 2.026 kg

      If nails protruded through the base of this weight to form a tallow cage, this may well have served as a sounding weight. If not, it may have served as a net weight or net-grappler.

      Fiori and Joncheray 1973: 88, pl. 5.5; Joncheray 1975a: 95, fig. 46.2, pl. 56; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 19; Parker 1992: 141

 

009      FRANCE.      La Chrétienne (Marseilles). La Chrétienne Wreck C.     Class 9: Doubtful.          2nd quarter 2nd C B.C.

      Weight no. 1. Tapering bar; the thickest portion of the bar is square in section. Two or three nails have been driven into each of the corners of this weight and left projecting upward. The design suggests use as a grappling hook for recovering nets. H 0.160; 0.046 x 0.052 sq. 1.707 kg.

      Liou 1973: 600; Fiori and Joncheray 1973: 88, pl. 5.4; Joncheray 1975a: 95, fig. 46.3, pl. 55; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 2; Parker 1992: 141

 

010      ITALY.           Capo Graziano (Filicudi).    Capo Graziano Wreck A?  Class 3B: Squat Bell.       160-140 B.C.

      Squat, bell-shaped body, with concave sides, out-turned base, and rounded apex. Iron suspension ring cast into apex. Deep, hemispherical tallow cup with smooth walls. Numerous nail holes through wall into tallow cup. H 0.117; base D 0.147.

      Parker 1992: 117.

 

011      ISRAEL.         Tel Megadim.            Megadim Wreck A. Class 7B/9: Tapering Bar/Doubtful. 140-130 B.C.

      Cylindrical, tapering rod flattened at one end into a rectangular suspension lug with central tethering hole. Slightly convex base. The light weight and the design suggest some purpose other than sounding-weight. H 0.07; base D 0.023. 0.340 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, Haifa, no. 613/127; Kapitän 1969-71: 61, pl. 12.21; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 1, p. 38, no. 1; Raban and Galili 1985: 354; Parker 1992: 273.

 

012      LIBYA.           Apollonia.      Apollonia Wreck A. Shape unknown.      150-120 B.C.

      No information available.

      Laronde 1987; Parker 1992: 57.

 

013      ITALY.           Terrasini.       Terrasini A or B?      Class 5A/9: Cone/Doubtful. 310 B.C."A.D. 50?

      Roughly conical body of limestone, with rounded base. Apex pierced for suspension. Inv. no. 117. H 0.16.

      Giustolisi 1975: 40, pl. xxxix, no. 117; Parker 1992: 422.

 

014      ITALY.           Capo Sant"Andrea (Elba).   Capo Sant" Andrea Wreck B.       Shape unknown.      125-100 B.C.

      No information available on shape or dimensions. Roman wreck, Trench 1B.

      In deposito in Portoferraio.

      G. Kapitän, Personal communication, 7/11/90; Parker 1992: 124.

 

015      ITALY Spargi, La Maddalena.         Spargi Wreck.           Class 1B: Hemisphere.        120-100 B.C.

      Weight no. 1. Slightly elongated hemispherical body, the sides continuing straight down slightly past the appropriate base of a hemisphere. Iron suspension ring cast into the apex. Deep, flat-roofed tallow cup. H 0.13. Lower D 0.133. Spargi Museum, La Maddalena.

      Mocchegiani 1986: 127 says 5 sounding weights from this site; Parker 1992: 410; P. Winterstein, Oral Communication 2001.

 

016      ITALY Spargi, La Maddalena.         Spargi Wreck.           Class 5B: Cone.       120-100 B.C.

      Weight no. 2. Straight sided, conical body with rounded apex; iron suspension ring cast into apex. Deep, flat-roofed, smooth-sided tallow cup in base; 8 iron nails were driven diagonally upward through the walls of the weight near its base into the cup. H 0.165. Lower D 0.14. Spargi Museum, La Maddalena.

      Mocchegiani 1986: 127 says 5 sounding weights from this site; Gadau 1982; Parker 1992: 410; P. Winterstein, Oral Communication 2001.

 

017      ITALY Spargi, La Maddalena.         Spargi Wreck.           Shape unknown.       120-100 B.C.

      Weight no. 3. No information.

      Mocchegiani 1986: 127 says 5 sounding weights from this site; Parker 1992: 410.

 

018      ITALY Spargi, La Maddalena.         Spargi Wreck.           Shape unknown.       120-100 B.C.

      Weight no. 4. No information.

      Mocchegiani 1986: 127 says 5 sounding weights from this site; Parker 1992: 410.

 

019      ITALY Spargi, La Maddalena.         Spargi Wreck.           Shape unknown.       120-100 B.C.

      Weight no. 5. No information.

      Mocchegiani 1986: 127 says 5 sounding weights from this site; Parker 1992: 410.

 

020      SPAIN.           Cap Negret (Ibiza).  Cap Negret Wreck. Class 1A: Hemisphere.        110-90 B.C.?

      Hemispherical body with slightly flattened sides; very tall, rectangular suspension lug. Deep tallow cup.

      Almagro and Sancho 1968: 323-24, fig. 1; Parker 1992: 105.

 

021      TUNISIA.       Mahdia.          Mahdia wreck.          Class 2B: Hemisphere.       110-90 B.C.

      Weight no. 1. Slightly flattened hemispherical body; iron suspension ring cast into apex. Rounded base terminating on the interior with a sharp edge surrounding a deep, smooth-walled tallow cup with curving walls and flat roof. 6 nails were driven diagonally downward through the lower edge of the weight into the cup. H 0.11; lower D 0.18. 12.82 kg.

      Päffgen and Zanier 1994: 126-27, no. H 86, figs. 34-35; Parker 1992: 252.

 

022      TUNISIA.       Mahdia.          Mahdia wreck.          Class 6B: Truncated Cone.       110-90 B.C.

      Weight no. 2. Truncated conical body with broad upper surface. A large hole in upper surface probably held iron suspension ring. Shallow, rounded, smooth-walled tallow cup. Marine encrustation covers base, but 6 or 8 nails seem to have been driven downward diagonally through the lower edge of the weight. H 0.12; lower D 0.19. 16.9 kg.

      Kapitän, Notebook. Parker 1992: 252; Päffgen and Zanier 1994: 126-27, no. H 100, fig. 36.

 

023      FRANCE.      Grand Congloué (Marseilles).        Grand Congloué Wrecks A and B.    Class 2B. Truncated Hemisphere. 180-150 or early 1st C B.C.

       Truncated hemispherical body. Suspension ring cast into apex. Deep, irregular, smooth-walled tallow-cup with central, circular depression. 10 nails were driven through the walls into the tallow cup at uniform intervals around the sides. H 0.07; base D 0.125.

      Benoît 1961: 180-82, fig. 97, pl. 33.b.1; Benoît 1971: 398-99, fig. 2; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 13.

 

024      FRANCE.      Grand Congloué (Marseilles).        Grand Congloué Wrecks A and B.    Class 6B: Truncated Cone.  180-150 or early 1st C B.C.

      Conical body with rounded apex. Suspension ring cast into apex. The base ring carries an irregular concentric groove, framing a deep, flat-roofed tallow-cup with smooth walls. H 0.115; base D 0.135.

      Benoît 1961: 180-82, fig. 97, fig. 32.b.3; Benoît 1971: 398-99, fig. 2; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 18.

 

025      FRANCE.      Cap Dramont (Saint-Raphaël).      Dramont Wreck C.  Class 3B: Squat Bell.       Late 2nd C B.C.

      Squat bell-shaped body with outturned base, concave sides, and rounded apex. Iron suspension ring cast into apex. Shallow tallow cup (0.016 deep), gashed roughly to hold the tallow or sediment. Found near the bow, next to two lead anchor stocks. H 0.088; base D 0.106.

      Joncheray 1994: 31, 33; Parker 1992: 167.

 

026      FRANCE.      Baie de Cavalière (Le Lavandou). Cavalière Wreck.     Class 5B: Cone.  100 B.C.

      Conical body. Vertical perforation in apex for added suspension lug. Deep, hemispherical tallow-cup in base, with a slight inner lip. H 0.108; base D 0.137. 5.45 kg.

      Charlin, Gassend, Lequément 1978: 51-54, figs. 25.10, 26.2; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 20; Parker 1992: 133.

 

027      ITALY Ognina (Catania)      Ognina Wreck A.     Class 6A: Truncated Cone.       150-25 B.C.

      Conical body. Apex flattened to form a small, square suspension lug. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup (0.026 deep) outlined by very thin wall; deep central perforation in roof. 8 large, round nail (?) holes through lower wall into tallow cup. H 0.135; lower D 0.16.

      Kapitän, Personal communication, 29/11/95; Parker 1992: 292.

 

028      SPAIN.           Sant Jordi (Maiorca).            Colonia de Sant Jordi Wreck A.       Class 9: Doubtful.     100 B.C.

      Two flat topped, and flat bottomed oblong blocks of stone with metal swing handles set into upper surface. Clearly balance beam weights, rather than sounding weights, although the author labels them "poids ou plombs de sonde". The larger is twice the weight of the smaller. Weight 1: H 0.24; base 0.028 X 0.018; upper surface 310 X 190. 33.450 kg. Weight no. 2: 0.18; base 210 X 120; upper surface 240 X 160. 16.250 kg.

      Colls 1987: 66, pl. XI.B; Parker 1992: 149-50.

 

029      FRANCE.      Ile Planier (Marseilles).       Planier E Wreck.       Class 1B: Hemisphere.        100-50 B.C.?

      Slightly elongated hemispherical body. Suspension ring cast into apex. Deep, smooth-walled, hemispherical tallow-cup with slight inside lip. H 0.13; base D 0.15.

      Dated on the basis of finds from the wreck, which may or may not be associated with the weight.

      Benoît 1962: 156, fig. 22; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 5; Durand 1989: 88, no. C 401; Parker 1992: 317.

 

030      ITALY.           Cala Mindola, Levanzo.      Cala Mindola wreck.           Class 1A: Hemisphere. 100-25 B.C.

      Slightly elongated hemispherical body. Small rounded suspension lug at apex. Deep hemispherical tallow cup with smooth walls. 3 nails were driven through the walls of body into the cup.

      Kapitän, Personal communication, 13/06/91, connection with wreck not entirely certain; Parker 1992: 89.

 

031      ITALY.           Punta della Contessa (Brindisi).     Punta della Contessa Wreck A.   Class 6A: Truncated Cone. 100-25 B.C.

      Tall, narrow, truncated conical body, with slightly concave sides, marked shoulder. Heavy square suspension lug, the sides continuing the lines of the body. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup. 5 or 6 nails were driven through the wall into the cup. H 0.205; base D 0.132.

      Museo Provinciale, Brindisi, Inv. no. 5997.

      Kapitän, Notebook, found with two lead anchor stocks; Parker 1992: 351.

 

032      FRANCE.      La Jeaune-Garde (or Jaumegarde, Porquerolles Is.).       Jeaune-Garde Wreck A.      Class 8: Miscellaneous.        100-25 B.C.?

      Swelling, roughly rectangular, purse or pillow shaped basalt sounding-weight. A small tethering-hole (D ca. 0.013) has been cut through a narrow flange that runs along the crest. Smooth tallow-cup in the base. H 0.142; W 0.13; L 0.14. Cup 0.034 deep.

      Cat. no. 67-E1-20. A very similar weight found near Trapani was recently published; see below no. S012.

      Carrazé 1972: 84, 86; Oleson 1988: 37, no. 33; Parker 1992: 221 notes that several ancient wrecks may lie on this same site, so the weight may not belong to the 1st C B.C. wreck.

 

033      ITALY.           Santa Teresa di Gallura (Sardinia). Capo Testa Wreck B.       Class 1A: Hemisphere.        75-25 B.C.

      Known only from a photograph taken obliquely from above. Appears to have a large, slightly elongated hemispherical body. Heavy, square lug on apex. No dimensions published; the weight is reported to have been stolen from the site after the initial survey.

      Gandolfi 1986: 85, fig. 17; Parker 1992: 125-26.

 

034      SPAIN.           Cape Rocas Negras (Bagur).          Sa Nau Perduda Wreck.       Class 5A: Cone.        60-40 B.C.      Fig. 8.

      Conical body with slightly convex walls. Rectangular suspension lug tapering slightly to a rounded apex; small tethering hole. Tallow-cup marked with four septa walls spreading from a central boss. H 0.145; base D 0.12.

      Gerona Museum.

      Kapitän, Notebook; Foerster and Pascual 1970 [1972]: 285, fig. 8; Oleson 1988: 37, no. 23; Parker 1992: 285.

 

035      FRANCE.      Île du Levant (Hyères).       Titan Wreck. A. Class 2A: Truncated Hemisphere. 50-45 B.C.

Truncated hemispherical body. Heavy, square suspension lug with rounded top. Rounded lower rim framing a smooth tallow-cup. Four nails were driven through the walls into the cup near the base. H 0.055; base D 0.105.

Benoît 1961: 182, pl. 32.b.2; Kapitän 1969-71: 57; Benoît 1971: 398-99, fig. 2; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 17; Parker 1992: 424-25.

 

036      FRANCE.      Île Lavezzi (Corsica).           Île Lavezzi Wreck.  Class 1A: Hemisphere.        End of 1st C B.C.

      Hemispherical body. No further information available. Possibly the same as cat. no. 041?

      Benoît 1971: 397.

 

037      CROATIA.     Cape Plavac (Zlarin).           Plavac Wreck A.       Class 5A: Cone.         Late 1st C B.C.-early 1st C A.C.

      Tall, approximately conical body, with slightly convex sides. Heavy square suspension lug on apex. 16 nails were driven through wall into tallow cup.

      Dominican church, Bolu?

      Vrsalovic 1974: 141, no. 192; Gunjaca 1976/77; Parker 1992: 318.

 

038      ITALY.           Castelsardo (Sardinia).        Cala Ustina Wrecks A and B.       Class 6A: Truncated Cone. Republican or imperial.

      Squat, spreading, truncated conical body, eroded by the sea. Heavy, ring-shaped suspension lug with flat crest. High septa walls forming a cross extent to the level of the base, creating four irregular, shallow tallow compartments. Five nails were driven through wall into the compartments. H 0.135; base D 0.165.

      Associated with two wrecks, of Republican and Imperial date. Inventory no. 17040.

      Boninu 1986: 58, inv. 17040, fig. 4; Parker 1992: 92.

 

039      SPAIN.           Torroella de Montgrí, Isla Medas Coastal survey.        Class 6A: Truncated Cone?      1st C B.C. or A.C.?

      Approximately truncated conical body. The sides are slightly convex, but the shape is closer to that of a truncated cone than truncated hemisphere. Heavy rectangular suspension ring with rounded top. Deep, hemispherical tallow-cup occupies almost the entire body of the weight. 4 low, narrow septa walls radiate from centre of roof; a pair of rounded nipples project from the inside within each compartment. Found together with scattered amphora sherds dating to the first century B.C. and A.C. H 0.16; base D 0.14.

      Perelló 1962: 315, fig. 42.3; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 15; Parker 1992: 430.

 

040      ITALY.           Ladispoli.       Ladispoli A (Dolium Wreck).         Class 1A: Hemisphere.        1-15.

      Crisp hemisphere. Heavy square suspension lug on apex, spreading slightly toward the top (from impact?). Deep, rounded tallow cup with 6 thin, regular septa walls that extend nearly as far as the base. H ca. 13.4; base D ca. 14.7.

      d"Atri 1986: 45; Parker 1992: 233; Gianfrotta 1990: 198, 205, fig. 8.

 

041      FRANCE.      Lavezzi Reef (Corsica).       Sud-Lavezzi Wreck B.         Class 3A: Squat bell.      10-30.

       Squat, bell-shaped body with slightly concave sides and a rounded apex. Heavy rectangular suspension lug with neat tethering hole (D 0.018). Thin walls frame a deep, slightly off-centre tallow cup (0.02-0.03 deep) divided into 5 compartments by irregular, low septa walls. 4 iron nails were driven through the walls into the tallow cup 0.02 m above the base. H 0.177; base D 0.145-0.155; wall 0.02 thick; cup 0.02-0.03 deep. 8 kg. Possibly the same as cat. no. 036.

      Liou and Domergue 1990: 47, fig. 41; Parker 1992: 414-15.

 

042      FRANCE.      Île Lavezzi (Corsica).           Sud-Lavezzi C.         Shape unknown. 15-25.

      Inv. no. 3110. H 0.182; lower D 0.15.

      Anon. 1984: no. 30.

 

043      FRANCE.      Cap Dramont (Saint-Raphaël).      Dramont Wreck D.  Class 1A: Hemisphere. 40-50.

      Weight no. 1. Hemispherical body. Exterior marked with six low horizontal ridges. Heavy rectangular lug on apex. Top of lug marked with 3 x marks and 6 slashes. Shallow, flat roofed tallow-cup containing eight low, irregular septa walls spreading from a central boss. H 0.156; base D 0.140.

      Fiori and Joncheray 1973: 86, pl. 5.2; Joncheray 1975b: 10, pl. III; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 10; Parker 1992: 167

 

044      FRANCE.      Cap Dramont (Saint-Raphaël).      Dramont Wreck D.  Class 1A: Hemisphere. 40-50.

      Weight no. 2. Elongated hemispherical body. Square suspension lug on apex. Shallow, smooth-walled, flat-roofed tallow-cup. 4 nails were driven obliquely downwards through the walls into the cup. H 0.114; base D 0.10.

      Liou 1973: 598, fig. 32; Fiori and Joncheray 1973: 86, pl. 5.1; Joncheray 1975b: 10, pl. III; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 9; Fassitelli 1990: 61 (top); Parker 1992: 167

 

045      FRANCE       Port-Vendres.           Port-Vendres Wreck B.       Class 3A: Squat bell. 42-48.

      Weight no. 1. Liou and Domergue 1990: 47 describe as similar to no. 041. Tallow cup with 8 subdivisions demarcated by 4 large and 4 small septa walls.

      Liou and Domergue 1990: 47; Parker 1992: 330-31.

 

046      FRANCE       Port-Vendres.           Port-Vendres Wreck B.       Class 3A: Squat bell. 42-48.

      Weight no. 2. Liou and Domergue 1990: 47 describe as similar to no. 041.

      Liou and Domergue 1990: 47; Parker 1992: 330-31.

 

047      FRANCE.      Strait of Bonifacio (Corsica).           Cavallo A Wreck.     Class 3A: Squat bell.      40-60.

      Squat, bell-shaped body, with outturned rim, slightly concave sides, high rounded shoulder. Heavy, ring-shaped suspension lug. Heavily eroded by the sea. Tallow cup consists of a deep furrow concentric with the base, defining a central disk marked with an indistinct pattern of furrows or dimples. The walls between the recesses extend to the level of the base. H 0.12; base D 0.155. 6.0 kg.

      Bebko 1971: pl. 10, fig. 58; Parker 1992: 134.

 

048      ISRAEL          Offshore from Akko or Ma"agan Michael?         Class 4A: Tall Bell.            2nd half 1st C.

      Weight no. 1 ("A"). Tall, narrow, almost cylindrical body but tapering slightly from base to sharp, angular shoulder. Heavy, square suspension lug continues the line of the sides up to a flat top with incised fishbone pattern. The lower edge of the tethering hole (D 0.035) is recessed slightly into the surface of the flat shoulder. Shallow tallow cup with deep central dimple. Five square (0.006 x 0.006) nail holes are visible approximately 0.032 m above the base, but do not penetrate the tallow cup. H 0.223; base D 0.131. 18.75 kg.

      The inconvenient weight of this weight, the shallow tallow cup, and the atypical character of the nail holes suggest that it might have been used for some other function than sounding. Projecting nails would allow it to serve as a net-grabber, but the weight seems excessive for such a function. Tilley (cited in Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 24 n. 6) suggests it might have been a weight used by a sponge diver to descend quickly. It was, however found on a Roman shipwreck along with a lighter weight that must surely be a sounding lead (no. 049). The dating of the wreck, based on the shape and epigraphy of some inscribed lead ingots, is conjectural but likely.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1994: 123-26.

 

049      ISRAEL          Offshore from Akko or Ma"agan Michael?         Class 4B: Tall Bell.            2nd half 1st C.

      Weight no. 2 ("B"). Tall, rounded body with steep shoulder sloping up to a small, square suspension lug (hole D 0.027) . Smoothly rounded, shallow tallow cup (0.023 m deep). Five nails were driven through the wall of the base into the tallow cup, approximately 0.007 above the base. H 0.166; base D 0.123. 10.0 kg.

      This weight was found on a Roman shipwreck along with a heavier weight (no. 48) that may have been used occasionally or exclusively for some other function than sounding. The dating of the wreck, based on the shape and epigraphy of some inscribed lead ingots, is conjectural but likely.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1994: 123-26.

 

050      ISRAEL.         Caesarea Palestinae.            Caesarea South Anchorage, Area D (Sdot Yam).      Shape unknown.      2nd half 1st C?

      Weight no. 1. One of two weights found with a deposit of Roman material possibly datable by coin deposit of 2nd half of 1st century.

      Galili et al. 1993: 67.

 

051      ISRAEL.         Caesarea Palestinae.            Caesarea South Anchorage, Area D (Sdot Yam).      Shape unknown.      2nd half 1st C?

      Weight no. 2. One of two weights found with a deposit of Roman material possibly datable by coin deposit of 2nd half of 1st century.

      Galili et al. 1993: 67.

 

052      SPAIN.           Ben-Afelí (Almazora).         Ben-Afelí Wreck.     Shape unknown. 85-95.

      No information available.

      Ramos et al. 1984; Parker 1992: 71.

 

053      ITALY.           Civitavecchia.           Wreck site 8 km N of Civitavecchia, 1 km offshore, 8-9 m depth.         Class 3B: Squat Bell. Late 1C B.C.-early 2C A.C.

      Squat bell-shaped body, with markedly out-turned base, concave sides, and rounded apex. Iron suspension ring cast into the apex. Shallow and narrow, smooth-walled tallow cup (0.028 deep). H 0.095; base D 0.13.

      Kapitän, Notebook includes sketch of amphoras seen in area lead was found. They look much like later Rhodian types, which Peacock and Williams 1986 Class 9, late 1C B.C. to early 2C A.C. Parker 1992: 148, this wreck?

 

054      SPAIN.           Conillera (Ibiza).      Conillera Wreck.      Class 4B: Tall Bell.       30-190?

      Tall, bell-shaped body with convex sides tapering to a marked shoulder. Slightly rounded upper surface with heavy round suspension lug. Surface encrusted and corroded. No dimensions given, but pestle in same photo suggests that H is ca. 0.12.

      Falcon-Barker 1964: 105; Parker 1992: 153.

 

055      ITALY.           Cervia.           Cervia Wreck?         Class 6A: Truncated Cone.       1st-2nd C?

      A very crisp, truncated conical body with broad, flat apex (D 0.075). Heavy square suspension lug with tethering hole manufactured or enlarged by pounding nails through it. Deep, flat-roofed tallow cup, with 6 septa walls cast in relief on the roof, forming an asterisk. H 0.075; lower D 0.145.

      Bonino 1971: 322, fig. 7; Maioli 1986: 16, fig. 23; Parker 1992: 138, association of the weight with the wreck is not certain.

 

056      CYPRUS.       Cap Greco (Famagusta)      Random find off lighthouse.       Class 6A: Truncated Cone. 1st-2nd C?     (fig. 4).

      Tall, narrow, truncated conical body, with slightly concave sides, marked shoulder. Heavy suspension lug with rounded top, the sides continuing the lines of the body. Several nails were driven downwards diagonally through the wall and base. Base slightly expanded from impact. Greek inscription around body in two lines: AKKURAPAEI/...]RYA[... Another conjecture for second line is ..]URNA. "Anchor strikes (?)" or "Anchor of (personal or place name)." Date is based on letter forms. H 0.20; base D 0.10-0.107. 8.8 kg.

      Science Museum, London, Inv. no. 1973-505.

      A. Johnston, Personal communications 19/06/75, 10/02/00. Kapitän, Notebook says found by Squadron leader S. Bass (RAF) in 1964. J. Insley, Personal communication 12/05/00.

 

057      ITALY.           Cape Taormina (Naxos).    Capo Taormina Wreck.      Class 2B. Truncated Hemisphere.       2nd quarter 2nd C.

      Truncated hemispherical body. Bronze tethering ring cast into the upper surface. Smooth-walled, hemispherical tallow-cup. The cup is off centre, and the wider margin of the base carries a short slot 0.01 wide and 0.014 deep and a low projection of the same dimensions. H 0.10; base D 0.20. 13.4 kg.

      Antiquario di Giardini, Naxos.

      Kapitän 1961: 308, 309 fig. 2, 311 fig. 2; Kapitän, Notebook, drawings and photos; Bonino 1971: 305, fig. 11; Papò 1985: 51; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 12; Parker 1992: 125, no. 256.

 

058      FRANCE.      Ile Planier (Marseilles).        Épave Souquet.        Class 5A: Cone.         2nd C.

      Conical body. Tethering hole driven horizontally through body of weight just below apex. Very shallow, smooth tallow-cup. H 0.21; base D 0.08. 4.300 kg.

      Benoît 1961: 179, pl. 31.17; Gianfrotta and Pomey 1981: 288, no. 3; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 21; cf. Parker 1992: 315-16, Planier B, this wreck?

 

059      GERMANY.  Xanten.          Sporadic find in Roman bed of Rhine.      Class 5B: Cone.  2nd C?           (fig. 5).

      Tall, narrow, conical body with rounded apex. Iron suspension ring cast into apex. 8 iron nails (partly preserved) were driven into the flat base. Some are bent upwards along the wall of the weight, others bent downwards, perhaps as a tallow cage. Inv. no. 59.277. H 0.175; lower D 0.06-0.07.

      Petrikovits 1959: 113.

 

060      ITALY Camarina      Camarina Wreck A ("Column Wreck").  Class 4B: Tall Bell.            175-200.

      No. 1. Tall, bell-shaped body with slightly convex sides tapering upwards to a square suspension lug with large central hole (D 0.02 x 0.017). Shallow, smooth-walled tallow cup with flat roof (0.016 deep). 13 nails were driven downward diagonally through the wall into the tallow cup, 0.028 m apart around the circumference of the base. H 0.16, base D 0.115. ca. 5.5 kg?

      G. Kapitän, Personal communication, 10/10/96; Di Stefano 1991: 51, fig. 29; Parker 1992: 94-95; Wilson 1995-96: 71-2 mentions finds from this and other wrecks, but not the sounding leads.

 

061      ITALY Camarina      Camarina Wreck A ("Column Wreck").  Class 6A: Truncated Cone.  175-200.

      No. 2. Tall, truncated conical body. Thick, heavy lug on upper surface, with large, regular suspension hole (D 0.022). The narrow sides of the lug meet the outer edges of the cone, then taper inward. Shallow, smooth-walled tallow cup with flat roof (0.019 deep). One nail was driven diagonally down through wall into tallow cup. H 0.168, base D 0.121. ca. 5.5 kg?

      Di Stefano 1991: 51, fig. 29; Parker 1992: 94-95; Wilson 1995-96: 71-2; Kapitän, Personal communication, 10/10/96.

 

062      ITALY.           Grado.            Grado Wreck.           Class 5A: Cone.        ca. 150.

      Tall, narrow conical body. The heavy suspension lug, with neat central hole, is wider at the top than at its junction with the rounded apex of the body. No data on dimensions or weight.

      Parker 1992: 197; Lopreato 1994: 30, 33; Dell'Amico 1997: 123.

 

063      ITALY.           Capo Murro di Porco (Siracusa).   Plemmirio Wreck B. Class 6A: Truncated Cone.       200.

      Conical body terminating in a low, rounded moulding below a small, flat apex. Small, square suspension lug, leaning slightly to one side. Deep, narrow tallow cup with a cross inset into its flat base. H 0.18; base D 0.153.

      Museo Nazionale, Siracusa, Inv. no. PL 74/8.

      Gibbins and Parker 1986: 299-301, fig. 30; Oleson 1988: 37, no. 24; Kapitän, Notebook; Parker 1992: 319.

 

064      ITALY.           Capo Murro di Porco (Siracusa).   Plemmirio Wreck B?       Class 8: Miscellaneous.        200?

      A stone weight with flat base, convex sides tapering to a narrower, flat apex. Tethering hole in upper third. H ca. 0.12.

      Museo Nazionale, Siracusa, SIR A 228, Inv. no. 66144.

      Kapitän, Notebook, found by British Plemmirion expedition in 1968.

 

065      BELGIUM.     Pommeroeul.            Pommeroeul Wrecks.         Class 9: Doubtful.  50-260.

      A "possible sounding lead, also made of stone, with a groove for a string." (De Boe 1978: 29). Found in a deposit of wrecked boats on the Haine river,

      De Boe 1978: 29; Parker 1992: 325.

 

066      ITALY.           Sassari.           Find spot unknown.            Class 9: Doubtful.       Roman?

      Amphora shaped lead object with wide central channel (D 0.05) and long neck. A circumferential channel has been cast into the shoulder, connected to the surface by four nail holes angled slightly upward. Although its purpose remains obscure, this object seems better designed to function as a net-retriever than a sounding-weight. L 0.43; max. D 0.23.

      Sassari, Museo Nazionale (no. 4957).

      Boninu 1986: 61, fig. 7.

 

067      CYPRUS.       Fondana Amorosa. Fondana Amorosa Wreck. Shape unknown. Roman?

      No information available.

      Parker 1992: 180.

 

068      ISRAEL.         Caesarea Palestinae.            Harbour basin of Sebastos.       Class 4A: Tall Bell.    3rd C?            (fig. 7).

      Weight no. 1 (C89.0000.M1). Tall, narrow body with slightly convex sides tapering to a rounded shoulder. Tall, heavy, rectangular suspension lug with central hole (D 0.022). Deep tallow cup with very irregular roof (0.015 deep). Base of weight has spread slightly, probably from impact with bottom. H 0.20; base D 0.11. 10.1 kg.

      Found with nos. 069, 070.

      CMS News no. 77, April 1990: 6.

 

069      ISRAEL.         Caesarea Palestinae.            Harbour basin of Sebastos.       Class 4A: Tall Bell.    3rd C?

      Weight no. 2 (C89.0000.M3). Tall, narrow body with slightly convex sides tapering to a rounded shoulder. Tall, heavy, rectangular suspension lug with central hole (D 0.024). Narrow, shallow tallow cup (0.015 deep) with thick cross walls projecting from roof. Base of weight has spread slightly, probably from impact with bottom. H 0.16; base D 0.092. 6.1 kg.

      Found with nos. 068, 070.

      CMS News no. 77, April 1990: 6.

 

070      ISRAEL.         Caesarea Palestinae.            Harbour basin of Sebastos.       Class 5A: Cone.        3rd C?

      Weight no. 3 (C89.0000.M2). Squat, slightly irregular conical body body tapering to a wide, rounded suspension lug with large tether hole (D 0.03). Shallow tallow cup with irregular roof (0.015 deep) rising to a deep, narrow dimple. H 0.168; base D 0.12. 7.2 kg.

      Found with nos. 068 and 069.

      CMS News no. 77, April 1990: 6.

 

071      ISRAEL.         Caesarea Palestinae.            Southern Breakwater of Sebastos.       Class 5A: Cone.        3rd C?

      Short, conical body. Very heavy, square suspension lug with large tethering hole. Tallow cup marked with four heavy septa walls springing from a central boss. H 0.12; base D 0.105. 4.9 kg.

      Found on surface of the inner face of Southern Breakwater, at Area N. University of Haifa CAHEP storeroom, cat. no. C83-N2-3. Should belong to the period after the the breakwater sank, probably during the period of relatively active trade in third century A.C.

      Oleson 1988: 37, no. 25, p. 38, no. 3; Oleson et al. 1994: 73, 152, no. M30.

 

072      FRANCE.      Strasbourg.   Wantzenau Wreck.  Class 9: Doubtful.     Late 3rd C.

      Roughly hemispherical lead weight with a central socket into which a stick was inserted (H 0.26; D 0.03). Benoît assumes that this is a sounding lead with a handle to assist throwing. Parker terms it "leaden end of a sounding pole." Base D 0.11.

      There is no reason to assume that this object functioned as a sounding-weight.           Benoît 1961: 180, fig. 96; Oleson 1988: 37, no. 34; Parker 1992: 452.

 

073      ITALY.           Imera. Imera Wreck.            Shape unknown.      285-305?

      No information available.

      Parker 1992: 215.

 

074      ITALY.           Punta del Serrone (Brindisi).          Punta del Serrone Wreck ("Scrap metal wreck").   Class 1A: Hemisphere.        3rd-6th C?

      Hemispherical body becoming cylindrical just above the base, which is marked off by a groove on the exterior. A heavy, rectangular suspension lug with wide central hole. Deep central tallow cup without subdivision walls. No data on dimensions or weight.

      Found near a wreck of the third to sixth century A.C. that was carrying scrap bronze, but not necessarily related to the wreck.

      Kapitän, Personal communication, 27/10/92; Mazzatenta 1995: 90.

 

075      FRANCE.      Cap Dramont (Saint-Raphaël).      Dramont Wreck E.   Class 1A: Hemisphere. 420-425.

      Slightly flattened hemispherical body, with heavy rectangular lug carrying large tethering hole (D 0.022). Lug has been bent backwards slightly on the axis of the hole. Shallow tallow-cup divided by 4 heavy septa walls flush with lower surface of the weight. Nails were hammered slightly downward through the outer walls into each section of the tallow cup. Surface encrusted, lug bent slightly to one side. H 0.10; base D 0.113. 3.550 kg.

      Santamaria 1995: 106, fig. 124; Parker 1992: 168.

 

076      ITALY.           Marzamemi (Siracusa).       Wreck B (Church Wreck)? Class 3A: Squat bell.      500-540.

      Squat, bell-shaped body, with outturned rim, slightly concave sides, high rounded shoulder. Fine, ring-shaped suspension lug. Surface badly eroded by the sea. The deep, flat-roofed tallow cup is nearly as wide as the surviving portion of the body, leaving a very narrow foot. Two nails were driven diagonally downward through the wall into the tallow cup. H 0.12; base D 0.145. 4.82 kg.

      Siracusa, Museo Nazionale, no. A147.

      Kapitän, Personal communication, 10/12/90, found in 1963 (?) in area of the Marzamemi II wreck; Gibbins and Parker 1986: fig. 17; Parker 1992: 267.

 

077      ISRAEL          Dor.    Byzantine Wreck, South Bay.         Class 6B: Truncated Cone.         520-625.          Fig. 6.

      Tall, narrow, truncated conical body. Iron tethering ring cast into apex, consisting of a rod bent to form a loop (D ca. 0.02), with a long foot, much like a modern screw-eye (H ca. 0.05). Small circular tallow cup in base. H ca. 0.18; base D ca. 0.072.

      Raveh and Kingsley 1991: 202; Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25 mention the discovery of a weight "almost identical" to the Dor South Bay weight no. PB04 (our no. 119) on the Byzantine wreck excavated at Dor in 1985.

 

078      ISRAEL.         Haifa. Shipwreck off Carmel Municipal Beach (Haifa). Class 4B: Tall Bell.          6-7C A.C.

      Tall, bell-shaped body with inward-sloping sides curving gently to a rounded shoulder. Very heavy, rectangular suspension lug. Shallow tallow-cup with four thick, low septa walls, surrounded by a sharp, inturned lip, in part bent inward by impact. There are low bosses at the termination of each arm, at their intersection, and in the four wedge-shaped spaces they mark off. A Maltese cross has been engraved on one side, the letter rho or P on the other, and four chisel gashes making an M, W, or S on the upper surface of the suspension lug. This weight was found associated with a larger but very similar weight on the remains of a Byzantine shipwreck (no. S001). Galili, Sharvit, and Rosen 2000: 147 point out that the smaller weight in this set may have been used for shallow soundings, the larger one for deep water soundings. Their proposal that the zig-zag mark on the crest of no. 078 represents the constellation Cassiopeia is ingenious but unconvincing. H 0.14; base D 0.065. 3.050 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, Haifa, no. 7144.

      Oleson 1994; Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 172-73; Galili, Sharvit, Rosen 2000.

 

079      ISRAEL.         Kfar Samir.    Random offshore find.        Class 4B: Tall Bell.       Byzantine?

      Tall bell-shaped body with slightly convex walls curving gently to a very heavy, square suspension lug. The exterior wall just below each face of the suspension hole has been engraved with a Latin cross with slightly spreading terminations. Deep, hemispherical tallow-cup with 4 low septa walls. At the intersection of the walls, and at regular intervals around the interior of the cup, there are large, projecting lead nipples. Nails were hammered into three of these. H 0.165; base D 0.115. 7.6 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, storeroom.

      Oleson 1988: 37, no. 32, p. 38, no. 10.

 

080      ITALY S. Vito Lo Capo (Trapani).  S. Vito Lo Capo Wreck.      Class 10: Post-Classical.      12th C.

      Truncated pyramidal body; heavy square suspension lug.

      G. Kapitän, Personal communication, 10/10/96.

 

081      FRANCE.      Agde. Site de la Roquille.    Class 1A: Hemisphere.        Date unknown.

      Hemispherical body; heavy, ring-shaped suspension lug cast together with body of weight. Lug half lost to erosion. Very deep, hemispherical tallow cup with four projecting cross walls that extend to the level of the base. H 0.125; lower D 0.11.

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 423.

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 423.

 

082      FRANCE.      Agde (Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine).         Coastal survey?     Class 1A: Hemisphere.        Date unknown.

      Hemispherical body. Heavy, ring-shaped suspension lug on apex. Deep, hemispherical cup containing four projecting cross walls inset slightly from the level of the base. H 0.16; lower D 0.17.

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 424.

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 424.

 

083      FRANCE.      Agde (Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine).         Coastal survey?

Class 1A: Hemisphere.   Date unknown.

      Hemispherical body. Fine, ring-shaped suspension lug on apex, badly eroded. Deep, very rough hemispherical tallow-cup with slightly projecting lip on interior. 7 nails were driven through the thin walls into the cup. H 0.13; lower D 0.16.

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 426

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 426.

 

084      FRANCE.      Agde. Coastal Survey?       Class 1A: Hemisphere.        Date unknown.

      Hemispherical body. Wide, thin, ring-shaped suspension lug cast together with body of weight. Deep tallow cup occupies most of the body, the domed roof marked by two low, rounded septa walls. H 0.13; base D 0.15.

      Musée des docks romains, Marseille, no. C 128.

      Bouscaras 1964: 286, fig. 33; Benoît 1971: 397-98, fig. 1.2; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 8; Durand 1989: 89, no. C 128.

 

085      ISRAEL          Dor.    South Bay.     Class 1A: Hemisphere.        Date unknown.

      Weight no. 8 (PB08). Hemispherical body. Heavy square suspension lug with wide tethering hole (D 0.027). Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup (0.018 deep). Badly eroded. H 0.09; base D 0.098.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25, fig. 23-24.

 

086      ITALY.           Arcipelago di Panarea (Aeolian Islands). Random offshore find.           Class 1A: Hemisphere.        Date unknown.

      Slightly elongated hemispherical body. Small rectangular suspension lug on apex. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup with a recessed X mark in the roof. H 0.132; base D 0.117. 6.660 kg.

      Inventory no. 6727.

      Bernabò-Brea and Cavalier 1985: 79, fig. 72; Kapitän, Notebook.

 

087      ITALY Caulonia.       Shallow water survey.        Class 1A: Hemisphere.       Date unknown.

      Slightly elongated hemisphere. Square suspension lug cast on the apex.

      G. Kapitän, Personal communication, 27/10/1994.

 

088      ITALY.           Syracuse.       Random offshore find near Syracuse.      Class 1A: Hemisphere. Date unknown.

      Hemispherical body. Very heavy, tall, rectangular suspension lug. There is a slight ridge around the lug, just below the oval tethering hole. Deep, hemispherical tallow cup occupies nearly entire body of the weight. 4 thick septa walls extend to the base of the weight; a single, tooth-like prong projects from the wall of each of the four sections marked off by the septa walls. H 0.115; base D 0.099. 2.975 kg.

      Siracusa, Museo Nazionale, no. A86.

      Gargallo 1961: 35, fig. 13; Gibbins and Parker 1986: fig. 17; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 7.

 

089      ITALY.           Lampedusa.  Lampedusa harbour, sporadic find.          Class 1A: Hemisphere. Date unknown.

      Slightly elongated hemispherical body. A groove near the top sets off a slightly irregular rounded collar around the base of the heavy suspension lug. The tall lug flares outward from its junction with the weight; the lug and suspension hole are asymmetrical. The wide, shallow tallow cup has a flat roof with a cross in relief and a raised dot in each of the four fields demarcated by the septa walls. Slightly protruding interior lip. 5 or 6 iron nails were driven downward through the walls of the weight into the tallow cup at irregular intervals. H ca. 0.118; base D ca. 0.125.

      Museo Nazionale, Agrigento.

      Kapitän, Notebook.

 

090      ITALY.           Punta Licosa (Cilento).        Random offshore find.        Class 1A: Hemisphere. Date unknown.

      Hemispherical body. Heavy square suspension lug on apex. Tallow cup. H 0.045 (incomplete?); base D 0.073.

       Kapitän, Notebook; Gianfrotta 1974: 107; Parker 1992: 355 mentions a wreck at this spot dating to 150-25 B.C.

 

091      MALTA.         Qawra Point, St. Paul's Bay.           Random find.            Class 1A: Hemisphere. Date unknown.

 

      Slightly elongated hemispherical body. Small square suspension lug at apex. Deep hemispherical tallow cup (0.055 deep). Two low septa walls form an X; one dot in relief in each of the 4 compartments. H 0.13; base D 0.126. Archaeological museum, Valletta.

      Kapitän, Notebook; Parker 1992: 363 notes a fragmentary wreck of 200-275, south of Qawra Point.

 

092      PORTUGAL. Portimão.      Careanos beach.       Class 1A: Hemisphere.       Date unknown.

      Squat hemispherical body. Very wide, thick, heavy suspension lug. Wide, deep tallow cup. Two low, raised lines cross the roof of the cup, intersecting more or less at the centre, and 12 thick, irregular fins project from the inside of the rim but do not continue up to the roof. H 0.145; Lower D 0.175. 4.976 kg. Found in dredge spoil from harbour.

      de Castro and Rodrigues 1995; J.-Y. Blot, Personal communication, 07/07/1995, reports that it was found in the spoil from a dredge in Portimão harbour; Francisco Alves, Personal communication, 31/01/00, provided dimensions and weights; António Cabrita, Personal communication, 28/02/00.

 

093      SPAIN.           La Caleta, Isola di San Sebastian    Coastal survey.        Class 1A: Hemisphere. Date unknown.

      Slightly elongated hemispherical body. Ring-shaped suspension lug. Deep tallow-cup divided by eight low, regular septa walls radiating from central boss. H 0.10; base D 0.11. 7 kg.

      Vallespin 1985: 67-68, fig. 4.13; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 11.

 

094      FRANCE.      Île Jarre (Marseilles).            Coastal survey?       Class 1B: Hemisphere.        Date unknown.

Hemispherical body, badly eroded by the sea. Suspension ring cast into apex. Very deep, smooth-walled tallow-cup. H 0.13; base D 0.175.

     Benoît 1962: 164, fig. 37. Oleson 1988: 35, no. 6.

 

095      ISRAEL.         Newe Yam.   Random offshore find.        Class 1B: Hemisphere.        Date unknown.

      Slightly elongated hemispherical body with rounded apex. Iron ring cast into the apex. Flat base with inturned edge. No tallow cup. H 0.07; base D 0.095. 2.6 kg.

      Given the absence of a tallow cup, this weight may not have served as a sounding-weight.

      National Maritime Museum storeroom, no inventory number.

      Oleson 1988: 35, no. 4, p. 37, no. 2.

 

096      FRANCE.      Cap Taillat (Saint-Tropez).  Cape Taillat anchorage.      Class 2A: Truncated Hemisphere.      Date unknown.

      Truncated hemisphere. Ring-shaped suspension lug with heavy, square crown. Deep tallow-cup with four thin, even septa walls. 7 or 8 iron nails were driven through the exterior wall into the cup. H 0.181; base D 0.205.

      Found in a refuge anchorage that also had many lead anchor stocks (Santamaria 1995: 106).

      Kapitän, Notebook; Fiori and Joncheray 1973: 88, pl. 5.3; Gianfrotta and Pomey 1981: 288, no. 2; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 16; Fassitelli 1990: 61 (bottom); Santamaria 1995: 106.

 

097      ISRAEL.         Haifa. Coastal survey south of Haifa.      Class 3B: Squat Bell.       Date unknown.

      Squat bell-shaped body, with strongly outturned base, concave sides, and rounded apex. Iron suspension ring cast into apex. Shallow, smooth-walled tallow cup. 6 iron nails were driven diagonally downward through the edge of the base into the cup. H 0.10; base D 0.127. 5.2 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, Haifa, no inventory number.

      Oleson 1988: 37, no. 27, p. 38, no. 5

 

098      ISRAEL          Dor.    South Bay.     Class 3B: Squat Bell. Date unknown.

      Weight no. 5 (PB05). Squat, bell-shaped body with slightly concave sides and wide, rounded apex. Iron suspension ring cast into the apex. Flat base. 9 iron nails (D 0.007) were driven diagonally downward through the walls ca. 0.01 above the base to form a tallow cage below it. H 0.092; base D 0.111.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25, fig. 23-24.

 

099      ISRAEL.         Haifa. Coastal survey south of Haifa.      Class 4A: Tall Bell.       Date unknown.

      Tall, nearly cylindrical body, with straight sides tapering only slightly inward toward the sharply defined shoulder. Flat upper surface, carrying a wide, flat suspension lug that springs from the outer edges of the shoulder. Shallow, smooth-walled tallow-cup with a deep central dimple and slightly projecting inner lip. H 0.145; base D 0.085. 5.100 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, no. 4813/820.

      Oleson 1988: 37, no. 28, p. 38, no. 6.

 

100      ISRAEL.         Shikmona.     Random offshore find.        Class 4A: Tall Bell.       Date unknown.

      Nearly cylindrical body with well-defined, rounded shoulder and rounded apex. Heavy square suspension lug with wide tethering hole. Deep tallow cup with a slight inward lip and four thick, low septa walls radiating from a central boss, carrying five symmetrically-placed knobs. H 0.10; base D 0.06. 1.65 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, Haifa, no. 4194/600.

      Kapitän 1969-71: 60, pl. 10.8; Oleson 1988: 37, no. 29, p. 38, no. 7.

 

101      ISRAEL          Dor.    South Bay.     Class 4A: Tall Bell.    Date unknown.

      Weight no. 2 (PB02). Tall, nearly cylindrical body, walls tapering in a straight line to a marked shoulder. Heavy square suspension lug with neat tethering hole (D 0.021) continues lines of the body to a flat upper surface. Very shallow tallow cup with a flat roof marked with irregular depressions. H 0.152; base D 0.08.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25, fig. 23-24.

 

102      ISRAEL          Dor.    South Bay.     Class 4A: Tall Bell.    Date unknown.

      Weight no. 3 (PB03). Tall, nearly cylindrical body, the walls tapering in a straight line to a marked shoulder. Heavy square suspension lug with neat tethering hole (D 0.02) continues lines of the body to a flat upper surface. Base slightly concave with a small central hole (D 0.013). H 0.125; base D 0.084.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25, fig. 23-24.

 

103      ITALY.           Punta Torre S. Gennaro (Brindisi).            Random find.       Class 4A: Tall Bell.    Date unknown.

      Cylindrical body tapering slightly toward the rounded shoulder. Heavy square suspension lug, slightly wider at top than at base. Shallow, smooth, flat-roofed tallow cup (0.025 deep). H 0.14; base D 0.078. 3.530 kg.

      Museo Provinciale, Brindisi.

      Kapitän, Notebook, found 27/8/70.

 

104      ISRAEL.         Haifa . Coastal survey south of Haifa.      Class 4B: Tall Bell.       Date unknown.

      Tall, bell-shaped body with high, rounded shoulder. Heavy square suspension lug. Shallow tallow-cup, with four slight, irregular indentations around a central boss. H 0.205; base D 0.11. 11.3 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, Haifa, no. 4814/820.

      Oleson 1988: 37, no. 30, p. 38, no. 8.

 

105      ISRAEL.         Shikmona.     Random offshore find.        Class 4B: Tall Bell.       Date unknown.

      Tall, bell-shaped body with slightly concave sides curving gently to rounded shoulder. Heavy, rectangular suspension lug with wide, slightly off centre tethering hole. Deep, flat-roofed tallow-cup with four thin, regular septa walls that extend as far as the base. The edge of the base carries a shallow circumferential groove. H 0.16; base D 0.09. 5.09 kg.

      National Maritime Museum, Haifa, no. 695.7.

      Kapitän 1969-71: 60, pl. 10.7; Oleson 1988: 37, no. 31, p. 38, no. 9.

 

106      ISRAEL          Dor.    South Bay.     Class 4B: Tall Bell?    Date unknown.

      Weight no. 7 (PB07). Wide, bell-shaped body with convex sides tapering upwards to a marked shoulder. The heavy, square suspension lug is pierced by a wide tethering hole (D 0.028). Slightly irregular, shallow tallow cup (0.023 deep) with smooth, rounded roof. Several nails were driven through the base into the tallow cup. H 0.119; base D 0.124.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25, fig. 23-24.

 

107      ISRAEL.         Haifa antiquities dealer (1990).      Off north coast of Israel.       Class 4B: Tall Bell?    Date unknown.

      Relatively short, almost conical body, but with markedly convex walls. Heavy square suspension lug with wide, neat hole. Shallow tallow cup with slightly domed roof crossed by two thin, low septa walls. A rounded knob projects from the wall of the cup in two of the compartments delineated by the septa walls. H ca. 0.18; base D ca. 0.15.

      L. Vann, Personal communication, 1990, reported on display in antiquities shop in Haifa; said to be a sporadic off shore find.

 

108      TURKEY.       Bodrum.        Find spot unknown.            Class 4B: Tall Bell.       Date unknown.

      Tall, bell-shaped body with inward-sloping sides curving gently to a rounded shoulder. Very heavy, rectangular suspension lug. Shallow tallow-cup with four thick, low septa walls inset slightly from the base. 4 nails were driven downward through the walls into the four sections of the cup. H 0.16; base D 0.123. 5.380 kg.

      Kapitän, Notebook, measurements sent by F. Carrazé in 7/10/1971.

 

109      FRANCE.      Agde. Coastal survey?       Class 5A: Cone.        Date unknown.

      Conical body with slightly concave sides. Apex pierced and slightly flattened to form a ring-like suspension lug. Tallow cup offset slightly to one side, and heavily concreted. Possibly no cross walls, but a slightly inturned lip. H 0.165; base D 0.14.

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 425.

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 425.

 

110      FRANCE.      Cros-de-Cagnes (or Cagnes-sur-Mer).    Coastal survey.       Class 5A: Cone.        Date unknown.

      Conical body with slightly concave sides. Apex pierced to form a narrow suspension lug, 0.09 sq. Flat-roofed tallow-cup with four thick septa walls forming a cross. H 0.20; base D 0.15.5. 13 kg.

      Benoît 1961: 179-80, fig. 95; Benoît 1971: 397-98, "C 123," fig. 1.1; Oleson 1988: 36, no. 22; Durand 1989: 88, no. C123.

 

111      FRANCE.      Carro, Cap Monguilan.       Coastal survey.        Class 5A: Cone.         Date unknown.

      Straight-sided conical body. The apex is slightly flatted to form an irregularly rectangular suspension lug. Slightly projecting, rounded rim around base, probably resulting from impact. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup marked by four low septa walls that intersect at a low, round boss. A thick, sharp-edged rim projects inward.

      Benoît 1971: 398, fig. 1.3.

 

112      ISRAEL.         Palmachim.   Random offshore find.        Class 5A: Cone.       Date unknown.

      Tall, narrow conical body; apex flattened and expanded to form a heavy rectangular suspension lug with central tethering hole. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup with horizontally ridged wall. H 0.165; base D 0.086. 4.3 kg.

      National Maritime Museum storeroom, no. 175-T.

      Oleson 1988: 37, no. 26, p. 38, no. 4.

 

113      ISRAEL          Apollonia.      Coastal survey.        Class 5A: Cone.        Date unknown.

      Weight 2 ("b", "93-70"). Conical body, tapering upward from rounded lower edge to heavy suspension ring with projecting, rounded outline. Very worn or eroded. Tethering hole D ca. 0.027. Shallow, rounded, smooth-walled tallow cup ca. 0.015 deep. 22 nails were driven through the lower edge, 18 of them penetrating into the tallow cup. Two intersecting pairs of parallel lines were cut into one side, at an angle of 30 degrees to the base. H 0.18; lower D ca. 0.137. 13.5 kg.

      Found together with the identically shaped, but larger, weight no. 114.

      Galili et al. 1993: 63-64; Grossman 1994: 247-48, fig. 1.b, 2.b.

 

114      ISRAEL          Apollonia.      Coastal survey.        Class 5A: Cone.        Date unknown.

      Weight 3 ("c" "93-71"). Conical body, tapering upward from rounded lower edge to heavy suspension ring with projecting, rounded outline. Tethering hole D ca. 0.03. Body worn or eroded. Shallow, rounded, smooth tallow cup ca. 0.015 deep. 12 nails were driven into the lower edge may have penetrated into the tallow cup, but the details are obscured by concretions. H 0.23; lower D ca. 0.175. 19.0 kg.

      Found together with the identically shaped, but smaller, weight no. 113. This weight is extraordinarily heavy, but the presence of nail holes in the base suggests that it was in fact used for taking soundings.

      Galili et al. 1993: 63-64; Grossman 1994: 247-48, fig. 1.b, 2.b.

 

115      ITALY Isola di Lido (Venice)           Coastal survey.        Class 5A: Cone.       Date unknown.

      Tall, conical body with slightly irregular sides. The apex is flattened slightly and pierced to form a heavy suspension lug. Deep tallow cup. Found with Roman imperial material in survey of waters close to Isola di Lido.

      Malnati and Fozzati 1997: 33.

 

116      ITALY.           Marsala (Palermo).  Marsala, sporadic find.        Class 5A: Cone.         Date unknown.        (fig. 2).

      Conical body with slightly concave sides. Apex flattened and pierced to form a suspension lug. Deep, hemispherical tallow cup with 8 thin, high septa walls. H 0.148; lower D 0.12.

      Private collection in Palermo.

      Kapitän, Notebook, drawing and photo, taken 1968.

 

117      ITALY.           Brindisi region.         Sporadic find.            Class 5A: Cone.       Date unknown.       

       Conical body. Apex flattened to form a small, square suspension lug, pierced by a tethering hole (D 0.03) set slightly into the top of the body. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup (0.02 deep) with central dimple. H 0.185; base D 0.138. 11.480 kg.

      Museo Provinciale, Brindisi.

      Kapitän, Notebook, found 25/8/70.

 

118      PORTUGAL. Portimão.      Careanos beach.       Class 5A: Cone.        Date unknown.

      Approximately conical body, with slightly convex sides and slightly rounded apex. Approximately square suspension lug. Very deep, conical, thin-walled tallow cup; the thin walls have bent inward slightly at several points, probably from impact. 5 thin, low septa walls spread outward symmetrically from a central dot to the base of the weight. 2 thin lead nipples project inward from the walls of the cup near the top and the bottom of each section delimited by the septa walls.

      Francisco Alves, Personal communication 24/01/00, found in spoil from harbour dredging; António Cabrita, Personal communication, 28/02/00, says that he has "one other Roman and one possibly Carthaginian sounding-weight" from rivers along the coast of Portugal.

 

119      ISRAEL.         Dor.    South Bay.     Class 5B: Cone.         Date unknown.

      Weight no. 4 (PB04). Slightly irregular conical body with rounded apex. Bronze suspension ring (partly preserved; D 0.034, Th 0.006) cast into apex. Flat base. 9 iron nails (one surviving) were driven through the wall just above the base to form a cage for the tallow. Traces of rope or flax were found within the holes, and rope was found wound around the one surviving nail. H 0.144 (without ring); base D 0.111.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25 mention the discovery of a weight "almost identical" to this weight on the Byzantine wreck excavated at Dor in 1985.

 

120      FRANCE.      Agde. Coastal survey?       Class 6A: Truncated Cone. Date unknown.

      Truncated conical body, straight sides sloping inward to a marked shoulder. Heavy, square, flattened suspension lug. Shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup. 4 nails were driven downwards through the walls from the exterior into the cup. Foot expanded slightly by impact. H 0.17; Lower D 0.15.

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 427.

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 427.

 

121      FRANCE.      Agde. Coastal survey?       Class 6A: Truncated Cone. Date unknown.

      Worn, and possibly distorted by bending and denting. Marked, rounded shoulder above a spreading body that seems originally to have been conical, with straight sides. At present, part of the circumference of the base is bent inward, below a portion of of the wall that has taken a dished shape, giving this portion of the body a slight bell shape. Heavy, square, flattened suspension lug. Very deep, smooth walled, hemispherical tallow cup, with a sharp, inward projecting lip. H 0.12; Lower D 0.13.

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 428.

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 428.

 

122      ITALY.           Isole Pedagne (Brindisi).     Random find.            Class 6A: Truncated Cone.  Date unknown.

      Squat, truncated conical body, with slightly concave sides; flat-topped apex, slightly flatted and pierced with tethering hole. Deep, conical, smooth-walled tallow cup (0.058 deep). 4 nails were driven through the wall into the cup. Museo Provinciale. H 0.10; base D 0.08-0.10.

      Kapitän, Notebook, says weight found near wreck "with stamped Roman oil amphoras"; Parker 1992: 252; Gianfrotta 1974: 107, this weight?

 

123      ITALY.           Cagliari area. Waters 30 m off headland between Nora and S. Margherita           Class 6A: Truncated Cone. Date unknown.

      Squat, truncated conical body, with straight sides tapering upward to a marked shoulder. Heavy, flat square suspension lug, the sides of which are set slightly inside the shoulder, on the flat upper surface (D 0.082). Circumferential groove in base. Very deep (0.065 deep), flat-roofed tallow cup with 8 high, narrow septa walls extending two-thirds of the way to the base. One nail hole in wall of cup. H 0.168; base D 0.196. 12.55 kg.

      Kapitän, Notebook.

 

124      LEBANON.   el-Mina (Tripoli).      Offshore survey?     Class 6A: Truncated Cone.         Date unknown.

      Squat, truncated conical body, straight sides tapering upward slightly to a marked shoulder. Heavy, square, flat suspension lug, the sides of which roughly continue the line of the body walls. Flat base. Lead badly eroded by the sea. Inv. no. T 58. H 0.10; base D 0.086. 3.325 kg.

      Kapitän, Notebook; Amadouny 1973: 11, inv. no. T 58.

 

125      ITALY.           Procida (Naples).      Random offshore find?       Class 6B: Truncated Cone.  Date unknown.

      Badly eroded, truncated conical body. Narrow vertical hole from upper surface to tallow cup, probably to hold suspension ring. Shallow, dished tallow cup with at least 4 low septa walls. Several nails were driven diagonally downward through base of wall into cup. H ca. 0.09; base D ca. 0.14.

      Kapitän, Notebook, with information provided by Gianfrotta.

 

126      FRANCE.      Agde. Wreck G.       Class 7A/10: Tapering Bar/Post-Classical.   Modern?

      Long, tapering, bar-like body is worn on exterior, but seems originally to have been octagonal in section. Lead suspension lug cast together with body of weight. Shallow cup in base, with central hole possibly intended for nail. H 0.305?; lower D 0.07 (published height; Oleson saw in museum case and estimated H at 0.17).

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 429.

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 429; Parker 1992: 45.

 

127      FRANCE.      Grand Congloué (Marseilles).        Grand Congloué Wrecks A and B.    7A/10. Tapering Bar/Post-Classical.        Modern?

      Tapering bar with roughly rectangular cross-section; the thickest portion of the bar is round in section. H 0.255; lower D 0.06. 5 kg.

      Benoît 1961: 179, pl. 31.16; Benoît 1971: 397; Kapitän 1969-71: 57 n. 15; Oleson 1988: 35, no. 3.

 

128      ISRAEL          Apollonia.      Coastal survey.        Class 8: Miscellaneous.       Date unknown.

      Weight 1 ("a"). Irregular body. Viewed on the axis of the tethering hole (D ca. 0.014), the sides are straight, sloping inward slightly to the angular shoulder, and continued by the sides of the heavy suspension lug. The lug has a flat upper surface. Seen from the side, the body has a tall, rounded shape with a step cut or cast into its upper third to form the apparent shoulder and suspension lug. Five slashes (L 0.004-0005) have been cut into the exterior on one side, three in a row, and one above and one below the central slash. Shallow, rounded, smooth tallow cup ca. 0.015 deep. H 0.13; lower D ca. 0.084. 6.0 kg.

      Galili et al. 1993: 63-64; Grossman 1994: 247-48, fig. 1.a, 2.a.

 

129      FRANCE.      Agde. La Souillère Wreck.  Class 9: Doubtful.     Date unknown.

      Long, tapering, bar-like body is worn on exterior, but seems originally to have been octagonal in section. Very thick suspension lug cast together with body of weight, and not flattened. Shallow tallow-cup in base. Approximately 10 nails were hammered into the sides at an upright angle. Possibly a modern net retriever? H 0.30?; lower D 0.06. (published height; Oleson saw in museum case and estimated H at 0.16).

      Musée d"Archéologie Sous-Marine, Agde, no. 430.

      Berard 1987: 42, no. 430.

 

130      ISRAEL          Dor.    South Bay.     Class 9: Doubtful.     Date unknown.

      Weight no. 1 (PB01). Tall, narrow, bar-like body tapering from a circular base to an approximately rectangular cross section. The apex has been pierced for a tethering hole (D 0.012). Convex base without tallow cup. H 0.154; base D 0.079.

      The absence of any mechanism for holding tallow suggests that this weight may have been used for some other purpose than sounding.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 24-25, fig. 23-24.

 

131      ISRAEL          Dor.    South Bay.     Class 9: Doubtful.     Date unknown.

      Weight no. 6 (PB06). Approximately cylindrical body, tapering upwards slightly to a heavy, flattened suspension lug with rounded apex. Neat suspension hole (D 0.02). Convex base below bulge. H 0.125; base D 0.082.

      The excavators suggest that this may have been a steelyard weight rather than a sounding weight. The absence of a tallow cup suggests some function other than sounding.

      Kingsley and Raveh 1996: 25, fig. 23-24.

 

132      TURKEY.       Ulu Burun.     Later contamination near Ulu Burun Wreck.       Class 10: Post Classical.       Date unknown.

      During metal detector search of 200 square metres around the wreck site, a "small sounding lead" was found, along with other "ancient contaminants such as net and fish-line sinkers." The weight was elongated, biconical, with a square tethering-lug at one end. It may be a weight used by recent fishing boats to "feel" the bottom. L 0.08; max W 0.018.

      Pulak 1993: 11; Pulak, Personal communication 30/12/99.

 

133      CROATIA.     Dubrovnik, Pomorski musej JAZU.         Find spot, shape, chronology unknown.

      Only wide base visible in photo. Deep tallow cup with 4 or 5 septa walls.

      Vrsalovic 1974: 141, no. 194.

 

134      FRANCE.      Golfe de Fos. Findspot, shape, chronology unknown.

      No information on shape. H 0.11; D 0.09.

      Musée des docks romains, Marseille. no. C 646.

      Durand 1989: 88, no. C 646.

 

135      FRANCE.      Niolon.           Find spot, shape, chronology unknown.

      H 0.28; base D 0.28.

      Musée des docks romains, Marseille. no. C 144.

      Durand 1989: 88, no. C 646.

 

136      FRANCE.      Marseilles      Find spot, shape, chronology unknown.

      H 0.15; base D 0.15.

      Musée des docks romains, Marseille. no. C 331.

      Durand 1989: 87, no. C 331.

 

137      FRANCE.      Baie de Cavalière (Le Lavandou). Random find?           Shape and chronology unknown.

      H 0.12; lower D 0.125.

      Location unknown, no. 3519.

      Anon. 1984: no. 149.

 

138      ITALY Marina di Ragusa.    Random find.            Shape and chronology unknown.

      G. Kapitän, Personal communication, 20/11/97.

 

Sounding Weights Noted after 30/05/00.

 

S001    ISRAEL          Haifa. Shipwreck off Carmel Municipal Beach.  Class 4B: Tall Bell.            6-7 C A.C.

      Tall, bell-shaped body with inward-sloping sides curving gently to a rounded shoulder. Very heavy, rectangular suspension lug. Shallow tallow-cup with four thick, low septa walls, surrounded by a sharp, inturned lip, in part bent inward by impact. There are low bosses at the termination of each arm, at their intersection, and in the four wedge-shaped spaces they mark off. A Maltese cross has been engraved on one side, the letter rho or P on the other, and a net-like grid of chisel gashes on the upper surface of the suspension lug. This weight was found associated with a smaller but otherwise identical weight on the remains of a Byzantine shipwreck (no. 078). Galili, Sharvit, and Rosen 2000: 147 point out that the smaller weight in this set may have been used for shallow soundings, the larger one for deep water soundings. H 0.225; base D 0.10. 11.0 kg.

      Israel Antiquities Authority, Haifa, no. 98/2465.

      Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17, fig. 30.1; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 172-73, fig. 12.5; Galili, Sharvit, Rosen 2000.

 

S002    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa, Assemblage 17.       Class 4A: Tall Bell.    Byzantine?

     Tall, bell-shaped body with slightly convex sides below a marked shoulder. Very heavy, rectangular suspension lug. No tallow cup. Carved from white marble. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.21; base D ca. 0.11. 4.9 kg.

     In the absence of a tallow cup, it is not certain that this stone object is a sounding weight rather than a balance weight. Found in vicinity of no. S003. Galili and Sharvit 1999a state that the context cannot be dated, while in 1999b they assign the weight to a Byzantine assemblage.

     Israel Antiquities Authority no. 96-1333.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 18, fig. 30.7; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.7.

 

S003    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa, Assemblage 17.       Class 4A: Tall Bell.    Byzantine?

     Tall, straight-sided, octagonal body tapering slightly to a marked shoulder. The edges separating the 8 side facets are sharp. The heavy suspension lug continues the lines of the two side facets to a rounded apex. The tethering hole is cut close to the shoulder. No tallow cup. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.15; base D ca. 0.063. 3.1 kg.

     In the absence of a tallow cup, it is not certain that this object is a sounding weight. The facetted sides are suggestive of recent sounding leads (such as nos. 126, 129), but the ratio of thickness to height is much greater. Found in vicinity of no. S002. Galili and Sharvit 1999a state that the context cannot be dated, while in 1999b they assign the weight to a Byzantine assemblage.

     Israel Antiquities Authority no. 96-1332.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 18, fig. 30.5; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.6.

 

S004    ISRAEL          Caesarea.       Random find off coast.        Class 4A: Tall Bell.       Date unknown.

    Tall, straight-sided, octagonal body tapering slightly to a marked shoulder. The edges separating the 8 side facets are sharp. The heavy suspension lug continues the lines of the two side facets to a rounded apex. The tethering hole is cut close to the shoulder. No tallow cup. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.12; base D ca. 0.07.

     In the absence of a tallow cup, it is not certain that this object is a sounding weight. The facetted sides are suggestive of recent sounding leads (such as nos. 126, 129), but the ratio of thickness to height is much greater. Very similar to no. S003.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.10.

    

 

S005    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa.     Class 4B: Tall Bell.            Date unknown.

     Tall, bell-shaped body with slightly concave sides curving inward gently to a rounded shoulder. Very heavy, rectangular suspension lug. No tallow-cup. Base has been rounded and spread by impact. Dimensions not given; H ca. 19; base D ca. 0.106. 8.4 kg.

    In the absence of a tallow cup, it is not certain that this object is a sounding weight, but the distortion of the base suggests repeated contact with a hard surface.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 172, fig. 12.8.

 

S006    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa, Assemblage 11.       Class 4C: Tall Bell with Added Suspension Lug. "Roman."

     Tall body with convex sides tapering to a rounded apex, into which a metal suspension ring was cast. Thin walled base with shallow, flat-roofed tallow cup. There is an inset line around the weight, just above the base, through which 6 nails were driven into the interior. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.21; base D ca. 0.14. 14.9 kg.

     This weight and no. S007 do not fit any of the shape classes outlined in the JRA article. The impression is similar to that of Class 4A (Squat Bell)"because of the use of added suspension lugs"but these weights are far taller in comparison with their base diameter. As a result, I assign them to a new class, 4C. Found in vicinity of nos. S008-S009, S011. Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17 date this context to the "Roman" period, on the basis of a find of "silver dinars." An imperial date seems likely. Their figure reference mistakenly assigns nos. 001 and 003 to this assemblage.

     Israel Antiquities Authority no. 96-1334.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17, fig. 30.2; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.3.

 

S007    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa.     Class 4C: Tall Bell with Added Suspension Lug.         Date unknown.

     Tall body with convex sides tapering to a rounded apex, into which a metal suspension ring was cast. No tallow cup. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.13.4; base D ca. 0.12.

     In the absence of a tallow cup and nail holes, the function of this weight is uncertain. Nevertheless, the design is similar to that of S006, and the base is deformed by impact.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.9.

 

S008    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa, Assemblage 11.       Class 5A: Cone.        "Roman."

     Tall, roughly conical body with slightly convex sides tapering to a squared-off suspension lug. Tethering hole through base of lug. Lower portion of body marked with 5 low, rounded, spiraling ridges. Thick walled base with shallow, rounded tallow cup with sharp, projecting inner lip. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.14; base D ca. 0.10. 6.2 kg.

     Israel Antiquities Authority no. 96-1336.

     Found in vicinity of nos. S006, S009, S011. The exterior treatment is similar to that of no. S009. Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17 date this context to the "Roman" period, on the basis of a find of "silver dinars." An imperial date seems likely. Their figure reference mistakenly assigns nos. 001 and 003 to this assemblage.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17, fig. 30.3; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.2.

 

S009    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa, Assemblage 11.       Class 5A: Cone.        "Roman."

     Squat, conical body with slightly rounded apex carrying a heavy square suspension lug. The lug expands slightly around the tethering hole. Lower portion of body marked with 4 low, rounded, horizontal ridges. Thick walled base with shallow, flat roofed tallow cup with slightly projecting inner lip. 6 nails were hammered upwards through the base rim into the tallow cup. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.134; base D ca. 0.126. 5.5 kg.

     Found in vicinity of nos. S006, S008, S011. The exterior treatment is similar to that of no. S008. Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17 date this context to the "Roman" period, on the basis of a find of "silver dinars." An imperial date seems likely. Their figure reference mistakenly assigns nos. 001 and 003 to this assemblage.

     Israel Antiquities Authority no. 96-1335.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17, fig. 30.4; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.4.

 

S010    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa.     Class 5B: Cone.         Date unknown.

     Conical body with rounded apex into which a metal tethering lug has been cast. Shallow, rounded tallow cup. 14 nails were driven downwards through the wall near the base, into the tallow cup. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.18; base D ca. 0.18.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.11.

 

S011    ISRAEL          Haifa. Random find off coast south of Haifa, Assemblage 11.       Class 6A: Truncated Cone. "Roman."

     Squat, roughly conical body (distorted by impact on base), with flat upper surface carrying a heavy, square tethering lug. No tallow cup. Base rounded and spread from impact. Dimensions not given; H ca. 0.087; base D ca. 0.08. 2.0 kg.

     Israel Antiquities Authority no. 96-1337.

     Found in vicinity of nos. S006, S008-S009. Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17 date this context to the "Roman" period, on the basis of a find of "silver dinars." An imperial date seems likely. Their figure reference mistakenly assigns nos. 001 and 003 to this assemblage.

     Galili and Sharvit 1999a: 17, fig. 30.6; Galili and Sharvit 1999b: 173, fig. 12.1.

 

S012    ITALY.           Isola di Lévanzo (Trapani)  Random find.            Class 8: Miscellaneous.      Date unknown.

Swelling, roughly oval, purse or pillow shaped basalt (? "pietra vulcanica") sounding-weight. Covered with marine encrustation. A small tethering-hole (D ca. 0.015) has been cut through a narrow flange that runs along the crest. Smooth tallow-cup (D 0.045) in the base. H 0.14; W at crest 0.065; W at base 0.09. Cup 0.02 deep. 1.800 kg.

This weight is very close in design and dimensions to no. 032. Unfortunately, like 032, it was found without context on the sea floor at a depth of 20 m.

Medas 1999.

 

S013    ITALY.           Acitrezza (Sicily).      Random find.            Class 8: Miscellaneous.      Imperial?

      Papò (1989: 126-29) suggests that a Roman steelyard weight in the shape of a female bust (Athena?) found in 1962 at a depth of 25 m off the harbour of Acitrezza was used as an emergency sounding weight. The design and dimensions of such weights would make them suitable for such an application, although in most cases there would be no tallow cup. Steelyards and steelyard weights have been found on numerous Roman wrecks, so Papò's suggestion is plausible, but cannot be proven.

      Papò 1989: 126-29; Medas 1999: 27.

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