Table 3

Table 3. A summary of lichens being used as dyes
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LICHEN	REGION	COLOUR	MATERIAL	EXTRACTION METHOD	REFERENCE
Arctoparmelia centrifuga	Britain^a, arctic^b	Red-brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959^a; Brodo et al. 2001^b
Aspicilia calcarea	Sweden, Britain	Red-brown, crimson	Woolens	Ammonia fermentation	Uphof 1959
Aspicilia cinerea	England	Crimson-red	Woolens	Ammonia fermentation	Uphof 1959
Bacidia spp.	Europe	Red	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Bryoria spp.	England	Pale green to brown-red	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Bryoria spp.	??Coastal Salish	Yellow		Mixed with Letharia vulpina	Ravenhill 1938
Bryoria capillaries	Haisla, Hanaksiala		Wood	Burned into black powder and used as paint	Compton 1993
Buellia subsoriroides	Garhwali: India	Orange	Skin	Rubbed with saliva	Lal and Upreti 1995
Caloplaca saxicola	Sweden	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Candelariella vitellina	Sweden	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Cetraria aculeata	Scotland, Canary Islands	Red-brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Chrysothrix chlorina	Scandinavia	Brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Cladonia coccifera	Europe	Red-purple			Uphof 1959
Cladonia fimbriata	Europe?	Red	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Cladonia gracilis	Europe?	Ash-green	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Cladonia pyxidata	Europe?	Ash-green	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Dermatocarpon miniatum	Europe	Ash-green	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Diploschistes scruposus	England	Red-brown	Woolens	Ammonia fermentation	Uphof 1959
Everniastrum cirrhatum	Peru	Beige-yellow	Traditional textiles		Mullins 1973
Flavocetraria nivalis	Europe	Violet	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Flavoparmelia caperata	Isle of Man	Brown-orange to lemon-yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Flavopunctelia soredica	Navajo	Flesh-colour	Weaves		Sharnoff 1997
Lasallia pustulata	Norway and Germany	Red, purple, and brown	Woolens	Ammonia fermentation	Uphof 1959
Lepraria iolithus	Scandinavia	Brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Letharia vulpina	Interior and coastal British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, California,	Yellow	Basket materials, fur, moccasins, feathers, porcupine quills, wood	Boiling water	Numerous references, see Part II
Letharia vulpina	Nlaka'pamux: BC^a; Yuki: California^b	Yellow	Skin	Wet lichen thallus and used as paint	Turner 1998^a; Chestnut 1902^b
Letharia vulpina	Sweden, Norway	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Lobaria pulmonaria	Britain, Scandinavia	Orange-brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Melanelia acebatulum	Northern Ireland	Orange brown	Homespuns and Harris Tweed		Uphof 1959
Melanelia commixta	Europe	Red-brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Melanelia olivacea	Britain	Brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959; Brodo et al. 2001
Melanelia stygia	Britain	Brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959; Brodo et al. 2001
Nephroma parile	Scotland	Blue	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Ochrolechia parella	France, Britain	Violet	Woolens	Ammonia fermentation	Uphof 1959
Ochrolechia tartarea	Sweden, Scotland	Red or Crimson	Yarn and cloth	Ammonia fermentation	Uphof 1959
Ophioparma lapponica	Sweden	Red-brown^a; Purple red to magenta^b	Woolens		Uphof 1959^a; Brodo et al. 2001^b
Parmelia omphalodes	Scotland^a,b, Scandinavia^a, Ireland^a	Purple to crimson^a; Red-brown to rusty orange^b		Boiling water^b	Uphof 1959^a; Brodo et al. 2001^b
Parmelia saxatilis	Scotland^a,b, western Ireland^a	Red-brown to rusty orange^a,b; Yellow^a		Boiling water^b	Uphof 1959^a; Brodo et al. 2001^b
Pertusaria spp.	France	Violet	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Pertusaria corallina	Scotland	Red-purple	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Pertusaria pseudocorallina	Norway and Sweden	Red-purple	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Physconia distorta	Europe	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Platismatia glauca	Europe	Chamois	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Pseudocyphellaria aurata	Britain, Scandinavia		Woolens		Uphof 1959
Pseudocyphellaria crocata	Europe?^a, Europe^b	Brown^a, yellow^b	Woolens		Uphof 1959^a; Brodo et al. 2001^b
Punctelia borreria	Dakota	Yellow	Porcupine quills	Boiling water	Gilmore 1911
Ramalina spp.	Peru	Yellow	Traditional textiles		Herrera 1941
Ramalina spp.	India, Europe				Brodo et al. 2001
Ramalina calicaris	Europe	Yellow-red	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Ramalina farinacea	Europe	Light brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Ramalina polymorpha	Europe	Light brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Ramalina scopulorum	Scotland	Yellow brown to red brown	Woolens	Boiling water (1 day)	Uphof 1959
Rhizocarpon geographicum	Scandinavia	Brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Roccella fuciformis	France, England	Purple-crimson or red-yellow	silk, woolens, carpet yarns, wood, marble		Uphof 1959
Roccella montagnei	Italy, Germany				Uphof 1959
Roccella phycopsis			British broadcloth, thermometers		Uphof 1959
Roccella tinctoria	Europe				Uphof 1959
Solorina crocea	Scotland	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Stereocaulon paschale	Europe	Ash-green	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Teloschistes flavicans	Germany	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Teloschistes vermicularis??	Peru	Yellow to orange	Traditional textiles		Antœnez de Mayolo 1989
Umbilicaria spp.	Europe	Purple	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Umbilicaria cylindrica	Iceland	Green-brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Umbilicaria deusta	Sweden	Purple	Woolens, paint		Uphof 1959
Umbilicaria velea	Sweden	Violet	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Usnea spp.	??Coast Salish: BC	??Dark green			??Ravenhill 1938
Usnea spp.	Europe	Orange-red	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Usnea barbata	Peru	Dark blue	Traditional textiles		Lira, 1940
Usnea barbata	Europe?	Orange-red	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Usnea florida	Europe	Green-yellow or red brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Usnea hirta	Navajo: New Mexico	Flesh coloured	Weaves		Suminski 1994
Usnea plicata	Europe	Green or yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Usnea scabrata??	Dakota	Yellow	Porcupine quills	Boiling water	Gilmore 1911
Vulpicida spp.	Scandinavia	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Vulpicida canadensis	Gitksan: BC		Mountain goat wool		Smith 1926
Vulpicida pinastri	Europe	Green	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Xanthoparmelia spp.	Navajo: New Mexico	Beige			Suminski 1994
Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis	India	Pale rose	Calico cloth		Uphof 1959
Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa	Navajo: New Mexico	Warm brown	Weaves		Henio 1995
Xanthoparmelia conspersa	Europe	Red-brown	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Xanthoria candelaria	Sweden	Yellow	Woolens		Uphof 1959
Xanthoria parietina	England, Scotland	Yellow	Woolens, Easter eggs		Uphof 1959
Unidentified lichens, yellow and black	Haisla and other coastal peoples: BC		Paint for spoons, bowls, and totem poles	Powdered and mixed with salmon eggs	Turner 1998

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